Psychology Chapter: Types of Conformity

Changing one's behavior due to real or imagined social pressure.

Publicly and privately agreeing with a behavior or belief, based on the belief that others are correct.

Conforming because we believe others know better, especially in ambiguous situations.

A study demonstrating how individuals' judgments converge to a collective norm in an ambiguous situation.

Shared expectations and beliefs that guide group behavior, often established through social influence.

Conforming to avoid social rejection or to be liked by others. This involves going along with the majority opinion, even if you privately disagree.

The tendency for individuals to reduce their effort when working in a group, as compared to working alone.

The effect of the presence of other people on individual performance.

A psychological theory that explains how people react to threats to their freedom. It argues that when people feel their freedom is being restricted, they experience a reactance, leading them to resist the restriction and value their freedom even more.

The desire to be unique and different from others. Individuals with a high need for uniqueness prefer to stand out and avoid being like everyone else.

The impact that groups have on individual attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes. It explores how being part of a group influences our thoughts and actions.

A collection of two or more individuals who interact, are interdependent, and influence each other. These individuals share a common goal, identity, or purpose.

Following direct orders from an authority figure, even if the orders are morally questionable or go against personal beliefs.

This occurs when people lose their sense of individuality and responsibility in a group setting, often resulting in impulsive or reckless actions.

A phenomenon where group discussions tend to amplify pre-existing attitudes, pushing members towards more extreme opinions.

Faulty decision-making in groups that occurs when pressure for conformity overrides critical thinking and leads to poor judgments.

A model that suggests that deindividuation doesn't always lead to negative behavior, as group norms can influence the type of behavior that emerges in deindividuated states.

Loneliness due to negative life events or conflicts, such as job loss or relationship breakdown.

A type of loneliness arising from an inability to balance connection and independence.

Loneliness stemming from low self-esteem or poor coping skills, leading to difficulty forming and maintaining connections.

The likelihood of liking someone increases with repeated exposure, even without conscious effort.

A theory suggesting that relationships are based on a balance of rewards and costs, where individuals seek to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Partners in a close relationship are happiest when they feel they are both contributing fairly and benefiting equally.

A male strategy in mate selection that prioritizes signs of fertility, youth, and physical attractiveness.

A female strategy in mate selection that prioritizes financial security, resource availability, and a partner who is older and more established.

A phenomenon where individuals who are in a group situation are less likely to help someone in need because they assume that others will take responsibility.

A type of social behavior where individuals are motivated to help others for personal reasons, such as reducing guilt, gaining social approval, or building career experience.

The idea that people are more likely to help those who are similar to them, belonging to their group.

The tendency for people to assume that nothing is wrong because everyone else seems unconcerned.

The preference for connecting with others, involving both acquaintances and deeper emotional bonds.

The sharing of personal information about oneself to build intimacy with another person.

A developmental stage of play in which children engage in independent activities, but play side by side without interacting directly, focused on their own activities.

A pattern of attachment behaviors that develops early in childhood, influencing how individuals form and maintain relationships later in life. Four main types: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized-Disoriented.

Negative emotions or feelings directed towards a group without any action. It's about internal feelings like dislike, fear, or hatred.

Actions that disadvantage or harm others based on their group membership. Examples include unfair hiring practices, service denial, and exclusion.

Mental shortcuts or beliefs about the characteristics of a group. These can be positive (like 'elderly people are wise') or negative (like 'teenagers are lazy').

The anxiety experienced when aware of negative stereotypes about one's own group, which can negatively impact performance.

Conscious, known beliefs and feelings that can be easily expressed.

Unconscious biases that can influence behavior, even if we're not aware of them. They can be measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT).

Based on the belief that one race is superior to others. Openly expressed beliefs about racial superiority.

This type of racism appears only when it's socially acceptable. Prejudice surfaces in subtle ways, often disguised.

This type of racism involves unconscious biases combined with conscious denial of prejudice. Individuals may hold negative feelings but consciously avoid admitting to them.

This type of racism combines negative views about minority groups with individualistic values. It often opposes policies that support equality.

Treatment and harassment based on sex or gender. It can involve discrimination, prejudice, and violence.

Discrimination based on age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects workers aged 40 and older.

Bias faced by people with perceived or actual disabilities in various settings, including the workplace, healthcare, and social interactions.

Society's negative stereotypes about a group, leading to prejudice and discrimination.

Internalization of negative stereotypes, leading individuals to believe negative things about themselves and their group.

Avoiding seeking help or support to prevent being labeled or stereotyped. It's a consequence of stigma.