Podcast
Questions and Answers
Three main types of conformity are acceptance, compliance, and ______.
Three main types of conformity are acceptance, compliance, and ______.
obedience
Western cultures often view conformity negatively, while Eastern cultures tend to view it ______.
Western cultures often view conformity negatively, while Eastern cultures tend to view it ______.
positively
Peer pressure can lead to harmful behaviors, indicating a ______ aspect of conformity.
Peer pressure can lead to harmful behaviors, indicating a ______ aspect of conformity.
negative
Sherif's autokinetic effect study demonstrated the emergence of social ______.
Sherif's autokinetic effect study demonstrated the emergence of social ______.
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Conforming because we believe others know better is an example of ______ influence.
Conforming because we believe others know better is an example of ______ influence.
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Larger groups reduce individual ______.
Larger groups reduce individual ______.
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Deindividuation often leads to a loss of self-awareness and ______ in groups.
Deindividuation often leads to a loss of self-awareness and ______ in groups.
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Groupthink can result in suppressed dissent and biased ______.
Groupthink can result in suppressed dissent and biased ______.
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Group discussions can amplify pre-existing ______.
Group discussions can amplify pre-existing ______.
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Engaging with diverse ______ can help combat polarization.
Engaging with diverse ______ can help combat polarization.
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Public agreement but private disagreement is a form of ______.
Public agreement but private disagreement is a form of ______.
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In Asch's line judgment task, ______% conformed at least once.
In Asch's line judgment task, ______% conformed at least once.
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In Milgram's shock experiments, ______% of participants administered maximum voltage.
In Milgram's shock experiments, ______% of participants administered maximum voltage.
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Unanimity of the group is one of the factors influencing ______.
Unanimity of the group is one of the factors influencing ______.
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Psychological Reactance Theory (PRT) relates to a response following a threatened ______.
Psychological Reactance Theory (PRT) relates to a response following a threatened ______.
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Groups that provide a framework for self-assessment are explained by ______ Theory.
Groups that provide a framework for self-assessment are explained by ______ Theory.
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Presence of others can enhance performance on ______ tasks but hinder it on difficult tasks.
Presence of others can enhance performance on ______ tasks but hinder it on difficult tasks.
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Reduced individual effort in group tasks is known as ______.
Reduced individual effort in group tasks is known as ______.
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The ______ influences how we perceive and respond to emergencies in urban settings.
The ______ influences how we perceive and respond to emergencies in urban settings.
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______ is the need for deeper emotional bonds with others.
______ is the need for deeper emotional bonds with others.
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In collectivist cultures, there is a stronger focus on helping within the ______.
In collectivist cultures, there is a stronger focus on helping within the ______.
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Self-______ involves sharing personal information to build intimacy.
Self-______ involves sharing personal information to build intimacy.
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Children who engage in ______ play are simply playing alongside others without direct interaction.
Children who engage in ______ play are simply playing alongside others without direct interaction.
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The ______ style of attachment features a child who uses their caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
The ______ style of attachment features a child who uses their caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
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Observing others helping can increase ______ behavior among individuals.
Observing others helping can increase ______ behavior among individuals.
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Peer pressure that leads to the reluctance to help is referred to as ______ altruism.
Peer pressure that leads to the reluctance to help is referred to as ______ altruism.
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Loneliness that arises from conflicts or negative events is known as ______ loneliness.
Loneliness that arises from conflicts or negative events is known as ______ loneliness.
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The ______ effect suggests that repeated exposure to someone increases our liking for them.
The ______ effect suggests that repeated exposure to someone increases our liking for them.
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A strong attraction to a partner's personality and physical features defines an ______/Romantic relationship.
A strong attraction to a partner's personality and physical features defines an ______/Romantic relationship.
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In Sternberg's Triangular Theory, ______ refers to the emotional connection in a relationship.
In Sternberg's Triangular Theory, ______ refers to the emotional connection in a relationship.
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According to evolutionary perspectives, males typically prefer partners who exhibit signs of ______.
According to evolutionary perspectives, males typically prefer partners who exhibit signs of ______.
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The ______ Theory emphasizes fairness in the contributions of partners in a relationship.
The ______ Theory emphasizes fairness in the contributions of partners in a relationship.
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Physical attractiveness is a major factor in initial ______.
Physical attractiveness is a major factor in initial ______.
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A mutual exchange of positive feelings in a relationship indicates ______.
A mutual exchange of positive feelings in a relationship indicates ______.
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Prejudice involves negative emotions or feelings toward a group without any ______.
Prejudice involves negative emotions or feelings toward a group without any ______.
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Discrimination refers to actions that disadvantage others based on their ______.
Discrimination refers to actions that disadvantage others based on their ______.
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Stereotypes function as mental ______ about characteristics of a group.
Stereotypes function as mental ______ about characteristics of a group.
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Stereotype threat can create anxiety and decrease individual ______.
Stereotype threat can create anxiety and decrease individual ______.
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Explicit attitudes are known beliefs and feelings that can be clearly ______.
Explicit attitudes are known beliefs and feelings that can be clearly ______.
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Implicit attitudes are ______ biases affecting behavior that are often unconscious.
Implicit attitudes are ______ biases affecting behavior that are often unconscious.
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Old-fashioned racism includes a direct belief in racial ______.
Old-fashioned racism includes a direct belief in racial ______.
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Self-stigma refers to the internalization of negative ______ about oneself.
Self-stigma refers to the internalization of negative ______ about oneself.
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Attribution theory examines how people interpret behaviors based on ______.
Attribution theory examines how people interpret behaviors based on ______.
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Instrumental aggression is characterized by goal-oriented ______.
Instrumental aggression is characterized by goal-oriented ______.
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Domestic violence is a systematic pattern of ______ or control.
Domestic violence is a systematic pattern of ______ or control.
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The Dark Triad includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, and ______.
The Dark Triad includes narcissism, Machiavellianism, and ______.
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Victims of sexual violence often experience unwanted ______ or requests.
Victims of sexual violence often experience unwanted ______ or requests.
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Methods to reduce aggression include positive environment ______ and increased supervision.
Methods to reduce aggression include positive environment ______ and increased supervision.
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Prosocial behavior is characterized by voluntary actions to help others without ______.
Prosocial behavior is characterized by voluntary actions to help others without ______.
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Study Notes
Social & Group Influence
- Social influence shifts focus from message persuasion to the impact of real or imagined social pressure on behavior.
- Key types of conformity are acceptance, compliance, and obedience.
- Cultural perspectives differ, with Western cultures tending to view conformity negatively and Eastern cultures more positively.
- Conformity can be beneficial (maintaining social order) and detrimental (peer pressure leading to harmful behaviors)
- Types of conformity include acceptance, where individuals privately agree with and conform to a behavior.
Compliance
- Individuals publicly agree with a behavior but privately disagree.
- Conforming due to a desire to be accepted by others exemplifies normative influence.
- Key study: Asch's line judgment task demonstrated the power of conformity to incorrect answers.
Obedience
- Following direct orders from an authority figure
- Key study: Milgram's shock experiments.
- Factors impacting obedience include the proximity of the authority figure, presence of dissenting others, and legitimacy of the authority.
Factors Influencing Conformity
- Factors influencing conformity include group unanimity and cohesion, individual differences (like self-monitoring), and situational factors.
- Cultural context also plays a role.
Nonconformity
- Psychological Reactance Theory (PRT) describes the response to threatened freedoms.
- Need for Uniqueness (NfU) explains the desire to differentiate from the majority.
Group Influence
- Groups consist of two or more interdependent individuals who interact and influence one another.
Social Facilitation
- The presence of others can boost or hinder performance on tasks, depending on the task's complexity.
- Dominant tasks (well-learned/easy) improve with arousal.
- Non-dominant tasks (difficult) suffer with arousal.
Social Loafing
- Effort decreases in group tasks due to reduced individual accountability.
- Factors include group size and cultural context.
Deindividuation
- Loss of self-awareness and accountability in groups characterized by anonymity, arousal, and lack of structure.
Groupthink
- Poor decision-making arising from group pressure to conform and suppress dissent.
- Conditions include directive leadership, group cohesion, and pressure for unanimity.
Group Polarization
- Group discussions amplify existing pre-existing attitudes, leading to more extreme positions.
- Mechanisms include informational influence (strengthening beliefs) and normative influence (desire for social approval).
Practical Implications
- Subtle cues like surveillance can increase prosocial behavior.
- Combating polarization can be achieved through diverse perspective engagement and bipartisan collaboration.
Prejudice
- Prejudice involves negative emotions/feelings towards a group without action.
- Discrimination translates these feelings into actions disadvantaging group members.
- Stereotypes are mental shortcuts about group characteristics, which can be positive or negative
Forms of Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice and discrimination take various forms like racism (old-fashioned, modern, aversive), sexism, ageism, disability discrimination, and weight discrimination.
Reduction Strategies
- Intergroup Contact Theory: Essential conditions for reducing prejudice include equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and institutional support.
- Teaching Tolerance: Requires ongoing efforts, promoting respect, acceptance, and early education.
- Jigsaw Classroom method relies on cooperative learning to create positive interdependence and understanding.
Aggression
- Aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person, physically or verbally.
- Types of aggression include instrumental (goal-oriented harm), hostile (direct intent to harm), and relational (damaging relationships).
- Cyberbullying uses technology to harm.
- Crime-related aggression includes cybercrimes, organized crime, and workplace violence. Domestic violence is a form of abuse characterized by control and abuse
Sources of Aggression:
- Biological factors like brain areas, hormones, genetics, and personality traits (e.g., dark triad) contribute.
- Environmental influences (e.g., media violence, crowding, social/cultural factors, and alcohol) play significant roles.
Reducing Aggression
- Prevention strategies include clear rules, consequences, positive environment creation, increased supervision, and anonymous reporting.
- Intervention approaches include self-distancing, punishment application, cognitive techniques, social skills training, media regulations, and emphasis on non-violent resolution.
Helping Others
- Prosocial behavior: Voluntary acts aimed at helping others without coercion.
- Altruistic behavior focuses on helping others without expectation of reward.
- Egoistical behavior is self-serving.
- Kin selection (helping relatives), reciprocal altruism (helping non-relatives expecting future reciprocation), and empathy are foundational factors. Situational factors like bystander effect influence the likelihood of helping.
- Strong cultural differences exist related to helping behavior.
- Positive and negative mood states affect helping behaviour
- Other key factors include personal responsibility, time pressure, and self conscious emotions.
Attraction
- Interpersonal attraction leads to social choices, influencing deeper connections and intimacy through self-disclosure.
- Developmental aspects of social bonding include smiling, play, and attachment types.
- Attraction aspects include proximity, mere exposure, physical attractiveness, and similarity.
- Relationship types (e.g., communal, exchange, intimate) and theories (Social Exchange Theory) are relevant in understanding attraction and relationships.
Relationship Challenges
- Challenges in relationships can include jealousy due to perceived threats, emotional infidelity, and sexual infidelity.
- Gottman's Four Horsemen (Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling) provide insight into destructive relationship patterns.
- Forgiveness can lead to increased well-being.
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Description
Test your understanding of the different types of conformity, including acceptance, compliance, and the effects of group dynamics. Explore key studies such as Sherif's autokinetic effect and Asch's line judgment task, examining how culture and peer pressure influence behavior. This quiz will challenge your grasp of psychological concepts related to conformity.
