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Questions and Answers
What is associated with the first REM period of sleep?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic sleep loss?
What characterizes night terrors?
Narcolepsy is primarily characterized by what symptom?
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What is a common trigger for insomnia?
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What is a characteristic of sleep apnea?
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Which type of meditation focuses on actively concentrating on a specific object or mantra?
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What psychological phenomenon does the Divided Consciousness Theory describe in relation to hypnosis?
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Which of the following substances acts as a stimulant affecting the central nervous system?
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What type of drug is known to activate opioid receptors in the brain?
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Which aspect of hypnosis is suggested to correlate with decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex?
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Which of the following describes the Nightmare Disorder?
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What is one effect of regular ingestion of psychoactive drugs?
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What are common consequences of chronic sleep loss?
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In which sleep stage do night terrors typically occur?
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Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden onset of REM sleep?
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What is a characteristic feature of sleepwalking?
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How does hypnosis affect the anterior cingulate cortex in pain management?
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Which of the following correctly describes insomnia?
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What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?
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What is a common cause of insomnia?
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Which EEG frequency is associated with deep relaxation and meditation?
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What is the main purpose of the Turing test?
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What role do dreams play according to the Information Processing Theory?
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Which term refers to the change in a person's ability to be fully aware of their surroundings and internal states?
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Which state of consciousness involves automatic behaviors occurring without conscious awareness?
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What is the primary purpose of sleep according to the Adaptive Theory of Sleep?
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What concept describes the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice details in a scene due to a lack of attention?
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How does William James describe our conscious life?
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Which of the following describes inattentional blindness?
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What does the term 'preconsciousness' refer to?
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What must happen for us to effectively process what we observe in our surroundings?
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Which state of consciousness is characterized by deep sleep?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'contents of consciousness'?
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What characterizes our conscious awareness when awake?
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What kind of decision-making does the concept of unconscious decision-making best describe?
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What impact does conscious awareness have on human survival according to the content?
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What is the primary function of depressants like alcohol in the central nervous system?
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Which type of meditation involves actively concentrating on a specific object or mantra?
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What psychological state is most directly associated with the social/cognitive process theory of hypnosis?
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Which area of the brain is suggested to be involved in pain reduction during hypnosis?
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How do hallucinogens primarily affect the brain?
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What is one common effect of opioids on the brain?
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Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?
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What common effect do psychoactive drugs share in relation to reward pathways in the brain?
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Study Notes
Chapter Six: Consciousness
- Turing test: developed by Alan Turing in 1950, to determine when an AI program exhibits human-like consciousness.
- Consciousness: immediate awareness of internal and external states.
- Early psychologists defined psychology as the study of consciousness.
- William James noted continual shifts in conscious awareness based on attention and intensity.
- James' "stream of consciousness": continuous flow of conscious experience.
- Early 20th century: shifted focus from consciousness to observable behavior.
- Conscious awareness: focusing on internal or external worlds during wakefulness.
- Altered states of consciousness: changes in ability to be aware of surroundings and/or internal states. Examples include: sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and effects of psychoactive drugs.
States of Consciousness During Wakefulness, Seizures, and Blindness
- Most people connect consciousness with wakefulness, but seizures and epilepsy can allow someone to appear awake but not conscious.
- Inattention blindness: consistent research finding: people not paying attention miss visual details.
- Conscious awareness of self, needs, and how to satisfy them plays a crucial role in survival and evolution.
- Brain neurons are consistently active in wakefulness; we use more than 10% of our brain capacity.
Brain Structures Involved in Consciousness
- Reticular formation: triggers wakefulness, critical for sending signals for consciousness.
- Thalamus: receives input from the reticular formation and the hindbrain, relays signals to different sensory and motor areas. Critical for conscious awareness.
- Damage to specific parts of thalamus can lead to a lack of conscious awareness of body parts.
- Cerebral cortex: some areas are responsible for awareness of cortical information-receiving structures, including visual areas. Damaged visual areas can cause blindness.
Corpus Callosum, Sensation and Awareness
- Severed corpus callosum patients: briefly presented with an object or a word in a visual field; left cortex leads to verbal awareness and right for nonverbal awareness.
- Right and left hemispheres connected: various kinds of simultaneous awareness for most people.
Cortex as a Critical Component for Consciousness
- Cortex is critical for structure and content of conscious experience.
- Synchronized activity in temporal, parietal, and visual cortex processes information from the environment.
- Network of connections between frontal and parietal lobes needed for awareness.
Development and Consciousness: Components, Skills, States
- Consciousness involves components like attention and conceptual thought; and includes engaging in planned behaviours
- Preconscious: information that can readily become conscious.
- Unconscious: information not readily available for conscious awareness.
- Freud's view of unconscious: repression of painful or unpleasant thoughts or feelings.
Feelings, Implict/Explicit Memory and Coma
- Feelings can be influenced by mental processes of which people are unaware.
- Implicit memory: unintentional recollection of past experiences.
- Explicit memory: intentional recollection of knowledge; involve pieces of knowledge we are aware of.
- Coma: loss of consciousness due to brain damage.
Altered States of Consciousness
- Altered states can include hypnosis, sleep, and dreaming, and/or use of psychoactive drugs.
- Effects of these different substances on the brain can create feelings of being unconscious or being aware of situations differently to normal waking states.
Sleep and Cycles
- Circadian rhythm: 24 hour biological clock that regulates sleep and wake cycles.
- Sleep is composed of various cycles and stages (e.g., REM, non-REM).
Psychotropic Drugs
- Depressants: slow down body functions; includes alcohol, tranquilizers, opioids.
- Stimulants: speed up body functions; includes caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines.
- Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and lead to delusions. Includes LSD and marijuana.
Reward-Deficiency Syndrome
- People might abuse drugs due to an underactive reward center in the brain.
- Drug use can activate reward pathways, creating feelings of pleasure or well-being.
Psychological Disorders
- Psychological disorders: inflexible patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors causing distress.
Defence Mechanisms
- Unconscious tactics to manage anxiety and conflict by dealing with ID impulses.
- Examples of defence mechanisms: rationalization, denial, and projection.
Big Five Personality Traits
- Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism-common traits in personality described.
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Description
Explore the intriguing concepts of consciousness as outlined in Chapter Six of psychology. Discover the Turing test, the difference between conscious awareness and behavior, and the various altered states of consciousness, including sleep and meditation. This quiz also delves into the effect of conditions like epilepsy on consciousness.
