Psychology Chapter Six: Consciousness
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Questions and Answers

What is associated with the first REM period of sleep?

  • Slow eye movements and deep sleep
  • Fast eye movements and vivid dreams (correct)
  • Increased muscle tone and alertness
  • Light sleep with gradual brain activity

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic sleep loss?

  • Improved immune system function
  • Increased likelihood of accidents (correct)
  • Heightened creativity and problem-solving skills
  • Enhanced cognitive performance

What characterizes night terrors?

  • Sudden awakening with vivid hallucinations
  • Chronic nightmares that last for hours
  • Involuntary movements during deep sleep
  • Panic screams with no recollection the next day (correct)

Narcolepsy is primarily characterized by what symptom?

<p>Excessive daytime sleepiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for insomnia?

<p>High levels of stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sleep apnea?

<p>It can lead to cardiac arrest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meditation focuses on actively concentrating on a specific object or mantra?

<p>Concentrative meditation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon does the Divided Consciousness Theory describe in relation to hypnosis?

<p>Awareness splits into a suggestion-response part and a less conscious processing part. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances acts as a stimulant affecting the central nervous system?

<p>Caffeine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is known to activate opioid receptors in the brain?

<p>Depressants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of hypnosis is suggested to correlate with decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex?

<p>Pain reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Nightmare Disorder?

<p>It involves experiencing frequent nightmares, often linked to stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of regular ingestion of psychoactive drugs?

<p>Physical and psychological dependency can develop. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common consequences of chronic sleep loss?

<p>General depressed state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which sleep stage do night terrors typically occur?

<p>Stage 3 or 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden onset of REM sleep?

<p>Narcolepsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of sleepwalking?

<p>Common in children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hypnosis affect the anterior cingulate cortex in pain management?

<p>Decreases activity in the cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes insomnia?

<p>Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes explicit memory from implicit memory?

<p>Explicit memory involves knowledge we are fully aware of. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of insomnia?

<p>Stress and depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which EEG frequency is associated with deep relaxation and meditation?

<p>Alpha frequency (8-12 cps) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Turing test?

<p>To determine if an AI can mimic human consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do dreams play according to the Information Processing Theory?

<p>They help encode memories and solve problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the change in a person's ability to be fully aware of their surroundings and internal states?

<p>Altered states of consciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of consciousness involves automatic behaviors occurring without conscious awareness?

<p>Unconscious state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sleep according to the Adaptive Theory of Sleep?

<p>To keep organisms away from predators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the phenomenon where individuals fail to notice details in a scene due to a lack of attention?

<p>Inattentional blindness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does William James describe our conscious life?

<p>As a stream of consciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes inattentional blindness?

<p>Failing to notice stimuli due to lack of attention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'preconsciousness' refer to?

<p>Information that is readily available to consciousness when needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for us to effectively process what we observe in our surroundings?

<p>Multiple neural networks must be active simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of consciousness is characterized by deep sleep?

<p>Delta frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'contents of consciousness'?

<p>Specific thoughts or feelings we are aware of (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes our conscious awareness when awake?

<p>Combination of states and contents of consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of decision-making does the concept of unconscious decision-making best describe?

<p>Intuitive and quick judgments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does conscious awareness have on human survival according to the content?

<p>It contributes to evolutionary progress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of depressants like alcohol in the central nervous system?

<p>To suppress bodily processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meditation involves actively concentrating on a specific object or mantra?

<p>Concentrative meditation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state is most directly associated with the social/cognitive process theory of hypnosis?

<p>High motivation to believe in hypnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is suggested to be involved in pain reduction during hypnosis?

<p>Anterior cingulate cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hallucinogens primarily affect the brain?

<p>By producing sensory or perceptual distortions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common effect of opioids on the brain?

<p>Activates opioid receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a stimulant?

<p>Caffeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common effect do psychoactive drugs share in relation to reward pathways in the brain?

<p>They activate a pleasure pathway. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Turing Test

A test to see if an AI program can convincingly appear to have human-like consciousness.

Consciousness

Our awareness of internal and external states.

Altered States of Consciousness

A change from normal awareness - like while sleeping, dreaming, or under hypnosis.

Inattention Blindness

Missing obvious things when not paying attention.

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States of Consciousness

Levels of awareness, like being awake or asleep.

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Contents of Consciousness

Specific thoughts or perceptions.

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Conscious Awareness

Combination of states and contents of your awareness.

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Brain Neuron Activity (Awake)

Most neurons constantly active when awake.

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Implicit Memory

Knowledge stored in memory but not consciously recalled or accessed.

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Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during the night.

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Explicit Memory

Knowledge you are consciously aware of and can access intentionally.

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Nightmare Disorder

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares, often linked to stress.

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Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice something obvious because you're not focused on it.

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Hypnosis

Altered consciousness with heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and focus.

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Divided Consciousness Theory

Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts, one responding to suggestions, the other processing information subconsciously.

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Conscious Awareness

Being aware of what you're paying attention to in the present.

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Altered States of Consciousness

Mental states that differ from normal waking consciousness - like sleeping or under hypnosis.

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Social/Cognitive Process Theory

Hypnosis works because participants are motivated to believe in hypnosis and actively avoid pain.

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EEG Patterns

Brainwave patterns measured by EEG. Different states have different patterns (Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta).

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Meditation

Technique to turn consciousness inward, away from the outer world, toward inner awareness.

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Psychoactive Drug

Any substance altering mood, perception, awareness, or thoughts.

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Adaptive Theory of Sleep

Sleep evolved to protect organisms from danger by keeping them inactive during vulnerable times, like night.

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Restoration Theory of Sleep

Sleep allows the body and brain to repair and restore itself.

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Depressant

Drug that slows down bodily processes by influencing the CNS.

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REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, characterized by vivid dreams, fast eye movements, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing.

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Information Processing Theory of Dreams

Dreams help process daily experiences, potentially solve problems, or explore creative solutions.

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Night Terrors

Episodes of intense fear and panic during sleep, usually in stages 3 or 4. The individual screams out loud and usually goes back to sleep without remembering the event.

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Ideal Sleep

The recommended amount of sleep for adults is between 9 and 10 hours.

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Insomnia

A common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early.

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Divided Consciousness Theory

Hypnosis separates awareness into two parts: one responds to suggestions, the other processes information subconsciously.

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Social/Cognitive Process Theory

Hypnosis' effectiveness stems from a participant's strong belief in the experience, and an effort to avoid pain.

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Meditation

A method to focus consciousness inward, away from the external world and towards inner awareness.

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Neuroimaging Research

Brain scanning studies suggest brain areas linked to hypnosis and pain reduction.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances altering mood, perception, awareness, or thoughts.

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Depressants

Drugs slowing down bodily processes by affecting the central nervous system.

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Stimulants

Drugs increasing bodily processes by affecting the central nervous system.

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Hallucinogens

Psychoactive drugs causing sensory or perceptual distortions.

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REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by increased brain activity, heart rate, breathing, and dreaming.

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Information Processing Theory of Dreaming

Dreams help process daily experiences, solving problems, and exploring creative ideas.

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Freudian Dream Theory

Dreams reveal unconscious wishes, desires, and hidden conflicts.

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Ideal Sleep Duration

Around 9-10 hours of sleep per night is considered ideal for most adults.

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Chronic Sleep Deprivation

Lack of sleep leads to a depressed mood, weak immune system, poor concentration, higher accident risk, decreased productivity and mistakes.

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Night Terrors

Sudden episodes of intense fear and panic during deep sleep, typically in children, with no memory of the event.

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Insomnia

A common sleep disorder involving difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early.

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Sleepwalking

Walking or moving around during sleep, often happens in stages 3 or 4.

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Study Notes

Chapter Six: Consciousness

  • Turing test: developed by Alan Turing in 1950, to determine when an AI program exhibits human-like consciousness.
  • Consciousness: immediate awareness of internal and external states.
  • Early psychologists defined psychology as the study of consciousness.
  • William James noted continual shifts in conscious awareness based on attention and intensity.
  • James' "stream of consciousness": continuous flow of conscious experience.
  • Early 20th century: shifted focus from consciousness to observable behavior.
  • Conscious awareness: focusing on internal or external worlds during wakefulness.
  • Altered states of consciousness: changes in ability to be aware of surroundings and/or internal states. Examples include: sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, and effects of psychoactive drugs.

States of Consciousness During Wakefulness, Seizures, and Blindness

  • Most people connect consciousness with wakefulness, but seizures and epilepsy can allow someone to appear awake but not conscious.
  • Inattention blindness: consistent research finding: people not paying attention miss visual details.
  • Conscious awareness of self, needs, and how to satisfy them plays a crucial role in survival and evolution.
  • Brain neurons are consistently active in wakefulness; we use more than 10% of our brain capacity.

Brain Structures Involved in Consciousness

  • Reticular formation: triggers wakefulness, critical for sending signals for consciousness.
  • Thalamus: receives input from the reticular formation and the hindbrain, relays signals to different sensory and motor areas. Critical for conscious awareness.
  • Damage to specific parts of thalamus can lead to a lack of conscious awareness of body parts.
  • Cerebral cortex: some areas are responsible for awareness of cortical information-receiving structures, including visual areas. Damaged visual areas can cause blindness.

Corpus Callosum, Sensation and Awareness

  • Severed corpus callosum patients: briefly presented with an object or a word in a visual field; left cortex leads to verbal awareness and right for nonverbal awareness.
  • Right and left hemispheres connected: various kinds of simultaneous awareness for most people.

Cortex as a Critical Component for Consciousness

  • Cortex is critical for structure and content of conscious experience.
  • Synchronized activity in temporal, parietal, and visual cortex processes information from the environment.
  • Network of connections between frontal and parietal lobes needed for awareness.

Development and Consciousness: Components, Skills, States

  • Consciousness involves components like attention and conceptual thought; and includes engaging in planned behaviours
  • Preconscious: information that can readily become conscious.
  • Unconscious: information not readily available for conscious awareness.
  • Freud's view of unconscious: repression of painful or unpleasant thoughts or feelings.

Feelings, Implict/Explicit Memory and Coma

  • Feelings can be influenced by mental processes of which people are unaware.
  • Implicit memory: unintentional recollection of past experiences.
  • Explicit memory: intentional recollection of knowledge; involve pieces of knowledge we are aware of.
  • Coma: loss of consciousness due to brain damage.

Altered States of Consciousness

  • Altered states can include hypnosis, sleep, and dreaming, and/or use of psychoactive drugs.
  • Effects of these different substances on the brain can create feelings of being unconscious or being aware of situations differently to normal waking states.

Sleep and Cycles

  • Circadian rhythm: 24 hour biological clock that regulates sleep and wake cycles.
  • Sleep is composed of various cycles and stages (e.g., REM, non-REM).

Psychotropic Drugs

  • Depressants: slow down body functions; includes alcohol, tranquilizers, opioids.
  • Stimulants: speed up body functions; includes caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines.
  • Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and lead to delusions. Includes LSD and marijuana.

Reward-Deficiency Syndrome

  • People might abuse drugs due to an underactive reward center in the brain.
  • Drug use can activate reward pathways, creating feelings of pleasure or well-being.

Psychological Disorders

  • Psychological disorders: inflexible patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors causing distress.

Defence Mechanisms

  • Unconscious tactics to manage anxiety and conflict by dealing with ID impulses.
  • Examples of defence mechanisms: rationalization, denial, and projection.

Big Five Personality Traits

  • Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism-common traits in personality described.

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Explore the intriguing concepts of consciousness as outlined in Chapter Six of psychology. Discover the Turing test, the difference between conscious awareness and behavior, and the various altered states of consciousness, including sleep and meditation. This quiz also delves into the effect of conditions like epilepsy on consciousness.

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