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What does consciousness mean?
A mental state when we are fully absorbed in our worlds and our thoughts are fixed on details.
What can cause Altered States of Consciousness?
Circadian Rhythms do not affect our biological functions.
False
What do Circadian Rhythms control?
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Which of the following is a form of Altered State of Consciousness?
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We spend about _____ of our lives in sleep.
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What characterizes REM sleep?
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Insomnia is a temporary problem that usually stems from stressful life events.
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Which sleep disorder is characterized by periods when breathing stops?
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What primarily occurs during REM sleep?
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Which stage of sleep is characterized by 'Delta Sleep'?
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What is a common effect of sleep deprivation?
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Which statement about dreams is true?
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What is a characteristic feature of sleep apnea?
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What is one reason researchers are uncertain about why we sleep?
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Which sleep stage is notable for showing bursts of activity known as 'spindles'?
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How do depressants and stimulants affect sleep?
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Which of the following best describes altered states of consciousness?
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Which physiological function is controlled by circadian rhythms?
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What effect does meditation have on physiological parameters?
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How long does it typically take for the body to adjust to a consistent change in circadian rhythms?
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Which statement about day dreaming is most accurate?
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding hypnosis?
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Which of the following defines the impact of circadian rhythms on daily functions?
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What are the main aspects affected by altered states of consciousness?
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What is a defining characteristic of narcolepsy?
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Which of the following describes sleep terrors?
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What aspect of drug-induced experiences can heavily influence the effects of a substance?
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In terms of addiction, what is psychological dependency primarily characterized by?
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What is chronic toxicity in relation to drugs?
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What is one potential consequence of developing a tolerance to a drug?
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What type of sleep disorder involves a person moving or talking during sleep but typically does not respond to questions?
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What distinguishes nightmares from other types of dreams?
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Study Notes
Altered State of Consciousness (ASC)
- Refers to any mental state deviating from normal waking life.
- Often results in behavior different from the individual's norm.
- Can be caused by physiological, psychological, or pharmacological factors.
Circadian Rhythms (CR)
- The body's internal 24-hour clock.
- Affects biological functions like blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, sleep patterns, and hormone secretion.
- Two key CR cycles: Alertness and Body temperature.
- Disruptions to CR can lead to side effects and require time to adjust to a new pattern.
- Body temperature typically rises throughout the day, from 97°F in the morning to potentially 98.5°F in the early evening.
- Takes about three weeks for the body to adjust to a consistent change in CR.
Forms of ASC
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Meditation:
- Often used as a treatment, particularly for addictions.
- A process of deep relaxation.
- Slows down heart rate and respiratory systems.
- Increases brain wave activity.
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Hypnosis:
- Some individuals are more suggestible than others.
- Can be used to control pain in medical treatments.
- Requires participants to suspend usual rational and logical thinking.
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Daydreaming:
- May not have a significant effect on the individual.
- Often occurs when someone:
- Wishes to be elsewhere.
- Engages in low-concentration activities.
- Seeks escape from real-world demands.
- Three groups of daydreamers identified by Singer (1975).
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Sleep and Dreams:
- Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives asleep.
- The exact reasons for sleep and its necessity are still debated among researchers.
- Falling asleep involves losing awareness and becoming unresponsive to stimuli that would normally wake us.
- Dreams occur during both REM and non-REM sleep.
- Depressants and stimulants affect dream stages.
Stages of Sleep
- Stage One: Irregular, low-voltage brain waves, slower pulse rate, and muscle relaxation.
- Stage Two: Burst of brainwave activity (spindles) appear; accounts for about 50% of a night's sleep.
- Stage Three: Spindles disappear, brain waves become longer and slower; marks the beginning of deep sleep.
- Stage Four (Also known as Delta Sleep): Deepest stage of sleep with slow, even brain waves.
- After Stage Four, individuals return to Stage Two, repeating the cycle.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
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Occurs within Stage Four.
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Brain waves resemble those of a waking person, indicating active brain activity.
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Lasts approximately 10-15 minutes, followed by a return to Stage Two, restarting the sleep cycle.
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The function of REM sleep is uncertain but believed to aid in:
- Consolidation of memories post-learning.
- 'Mental housekeeping' of non-essential thoughts and memories of the day.
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Individuals tend to recall dreams with great detail when awakened during REM sleep.
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Lucid dreams are defined in the textbook.
Sleep Deprivation
- Inadequate sleep affects motivation and sustained performance.
- Less demanding, interesting, or shorter tasks can still be accomplished.
- Challenging tasks requiring higher levels of attention, concentration, or focus become more difficult.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: Difficulty sleeping, often caused by stress and can usually be temporary. Most common sleep disorder.
- Sleep Apnea: Breathing stops during sleep, forcing individuals to briefly awaken to breathe. Textbook suggests possible causes.
- Narcolepsy: Sudden onset of sleep.
Altered States of Consciousness (ASC)
- An awareness deviation from normal waking life, resulting in unusual behavior.
- Caused by physiological, psychological, or pharmacological factors.
Circadian Rhythms (CR)
- The body's internal 24-hour clock controlling biological functions.
- Affects blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, sleep patterns, and hormone secretion.
- Key cycles include alertness and body temperature rhythms.
- Impacts reasoning, learning, rest, reproduction, work productivity, etc.
- Disruption leads to side effects and requires time to readjust.
- Body temperature increases throughout the day, taking three weeks to adjust to changes.
Forms of Altered States of Consciousness
Meditation
- Often used as a treatment method, especially for addictions.
- A deep relaxation technique.
- Slows heart rate and respiratory systems.
- Increases brain wave activity.
Hypnosis
- Individuals vary in suggestibility.
- Used for pain control in medical treatments.
- Requires individuals to suspend rational and logical thinking.
Daydreaming
- No universally agreed upon effect on individuals.
- Often occurs when:
- A person desires to be elsewhere.
- Engaging in low-effort activities.
- Escaping real-world demands.
- Three groups of daydreaming (Singer, 1975).
Sleep and Dreams
- We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping.
- The exact reason for sleep is unknown.
- Sleep involves losing awareness and becoming unresponsive to stimuli.
Stages of Sleep
- Stage One: Irregular, low-voltage brain waves, slow pulse, and muscle relaxation.
- Stage Two: Brain waves show bursts of activity called "spindles" (about 50% of total sleep).
- Stage Three: Spindles disappear, brain waves become long and slow (deep sleep).
- Stage Four: "Delta sleep," the deepest stage with slow, even brain waves.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
- Occurs during stage four of sleep.
- Brain waves resemble those of a waking person.
- Lasts about 10-15 minutes.
- Believed to aid in memory consolidation and "mental housekeeping."
- Dreams are often recalled vividly when woken during REM sleep.
- Dreams occur in both REM and non-REM sleep.
- Use of depressants or stimulants affects dream stages.
Sleep Deprivation
- Insufficient sleep can harm motivation and performance.
- Less demanding or short tasks can be accomplished.
- More challenging tasks requiring focus and concentration become difficult.
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
- Inability to sleep.
- Often caused by stress.
- Usually temporary.
- Most common sleep disorder.
Sleep Apnea
- Periods of sleep where breathing stops.
- Individual awakens briefly to breathe.
- Causes include:
- Obesity
- Genetics
- Alcohol use
Narcolepsy
- Sudden loss of muscle tone, falling asleep unintentionally.
- A sudden attack of REM sleep.
- Causes and treatment vary.
Nightmares
- Frightening dreams, often recalled vividly.
- Occur primarily during early morning hours in longer REM sleep.
Sleep Talking
- Not responsive to questions.
- Utterances often nonsensical.
Parasomnias
- Sleepwalking: Eyes open, blank expression, shuffling movements.
- Sleep Terrors: Sudden screams, eyes open, sweating, increased heart rate. Often occur early in the night.
Drug-Induced Experiences
- Heavily influenced by:
- Individual expectations and emotional state.
- Individual's physical and social environment.
Psychoactive Drugs
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Substances altering behavior, mood, perception, or thought processes.
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Some are legal, while others are not.
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Examples include:
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- Marijuana
- Cocaine
- Heroin
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Administration methods include:
- Oral
- Injection
- Inhalation
- Absorption through skin or membranes
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Associated hazards include:
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Toxicity: Physical or psychological harm caused by drug usage.
- Acute toxicity: Immediate harm from drug intake.
- Chronic toxicity: Harm from long-term use.
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Addiction:
- Psychological dependency: Craving for the pleasurable effects of a drug.
- Physical dependency: Continued use to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
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Tolerance: The body's natural defense mechanism against harmful substances, requiring more drug for the same effect.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of altered states of consciousness and circadian rhythms in this quiz. Learn how these phenomena impact behavior, physiological functions, and overall well-being. Dive into forms like meditation and their therapeutic uses.
