Psychology Chapter: Schizophrenia Facts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the prevalence of Schizophrenia?

  • It affects 4% of the world's population.
  • It is more common in certain cultures of the world.
  • It is non-existent in some ethnicities.
  • It occurs in every ethnicity, culture, and socio-economic group. (correct)
  • What is the difference between Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder?

  • Schizophrenia indicates multiple personalities, whereas Dissociative Identity Disorder does not.
  • Neither Schizophrenia nor Dissociative Identity Disorder explains a person having multiple personalities.
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder indicates multiple personalities, whereas Schizophrenia does not. (correct)
  • They are the exact same disorder.
  • Which of the following statements about recovery from Schizophrenia is most accurate?

  • Schizophrenia is typically treated with therapy, meaning there is no recovery.
  • Recovery from Schizophrenia is only possible with medication.
  • There is typically no chance of recovery from Schizophrenia.
  • Recovery from Schizophrenia is possible with a combination of therapy and medication. (correct)
  • What is the relationship between Schizophrenia and violence?

    <p>Less than 5% of people with Schizophrenia engage in violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, what aspects of a person's life can Schizophrenia affect?

    <p>Thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and relationships with others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wrote this presentation?

    <p>Alicia Kuhr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Alicia Kuhr's role at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton?

    <p>Recreation Therapist in Forensic Psychiatry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a CTRS?

    <p>Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is estimated to contribute the most significantly to the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Genetic predisposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is experiencing a loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed, difficulty expressing emotions, and a general lack of motivation. According to the provided information, these symptoms are best categorized as which of the following?

    <p>Negative symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia, based on the information provided?

    <p>Schizoaffective disorder includes both schizophrenia symptoms and mood disorder symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed a first-generation antipsychotic medication. Which of the following side effects is most closely associated with this type of medication?

    <p>Muscle stiffness/spasms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is used to stimulate nerve cells in which part of the brain?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is experiencing persistent, fixed false beliefs but does not have hallucinations or other psychotic symptoms. Which disorder is most likely?

    <p>Delusional disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic medications in the brain?

    <p>Block both dopamine and serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBT-P)?

    <p>Changing one's response to psychotic experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychosocial therapies involves skills such as emotion regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal skills training?

    <p>Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of psychosis?

    <p>A loss of touch with reality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a targeted goal of the yoga program?

    <p>Improve problem-solving skills, goal-setting skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following team sports most directly supports the development of social competence skills, such as communication and social responsibility?

    <p>Volleyball (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of community outings within a mental health recovery program?

    <p>To offer patients a chance to practice skills in a social environment, promoting community reintegration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is LEAST emphasized during goal setting sessions?

    <p>Promoting competition between patients to achieve higher goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial safety consideration for the 'Creative Expressions' activity?

    <p>Tracking supplies to ensure accountability and safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical barrier to engagement in recreation therapy for individuals with mental illness?

    <p>A strong desire to participate in all available therapeutic programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of forensic psychiatry?

    <p>The relationship between psychiatry and the law. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is NOT a recommended approach to address illness side effects in recreation therapy?

    <p>Using complex and abstract explanations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration regarding stigma when planning community outings for forensic psychiatry patients?

    <p>Selecting outing locations and being aware of the index offense and associated news reports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following recreation therapy interventions is generally considered most suitable for improving financial resources among patients?

    <p>Collaborating with multi-disciplinary team. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of requiring physical activity clearance, such as a PAR-Q, prior to recreation therapy interventions?

    <p>To identify potential safety and risk considerations related to the patient's physical health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to be effective in addressing a patient's lack of developed leisure skills?

    <p>Implementing strict rules regarding participation in activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should recreation therapists consider regarding 'Other Time Commitments' when planning interventions?

    <p>Pre-planning with patients and working with the multidisciplinary team to coordinate schedules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of rehabilitation within forensic psychiatry?

    <p>Punitive measures for criminal behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main way to counteract drowsiness as a medication side effect?

    <p>Offer programs throughout the day. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Schizophrenia

    A complex mental illness that affects thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

    Prevalence of Schizophrenia

    Approximately 1% to 4% of the population experiences schizophrenia.

    Multiple Personalities

    Schizophrenia does not mean having multiple personalities; that's a myth.

    Treatment of Schizophrenia

    Schizophrenia can be treated effectively with medication and therapy.

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    Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    It affects how a person thinks, feels, behaves, and relates to others.

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    Aggression and Schizophrenia

    Less than 5% of individuals with schizophrenia engage in violence.

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    Cultural Impact on Schizophrenia

    Schizophrenia occurs across all ethnicities, cultures, and socio-economic groups.

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    Recovery from Schizophrenia

    Many people can and do recover with treatment.

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    Benefits of Yoga

    Enhances physical and psychological well-being, reduces stress, and improves mood.

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    Team Sports Impact

    Promotes social competence and cognitive skills through sports activities.

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    Goal Setting in Therapy

    Enhances motivation and self-efficacy through specific and realistic goals.

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    Creative Expressions

    Uses art to express emotions and promote self-discovery.

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    Community Outings Purpose

    Supports reintegration into community while developing skills for recovery.

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    Forensic Psychiatry

    The intersection of psychiatry and law, focusing on legal aspects of mental health.

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    Barriers to Engagement

    Obstacles that prevent individuals from participating in therapeutic activities.

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    Illness Side Effects

    Symptoms of mental illness that can hinder participation in therapy (e.g., disorganized thinking).

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    Medication Side Effects

    Unwanted effects of medication, such as drowsiness or weight gain, that may affect engagement.

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    Stigma

    Negative perceptions and attitudes towards mental illness that reduce acceptance in the community.

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    Lack of Resources

    Insufficient support systems such as finances, social relationships, or education for individuals in recovery.

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    Developed Skills

    The personal abilities required for social interaction and lifestyle management, which may be lacking.

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    Recreation Therapy Interventions

    Activities designed to improve well-being and social skills in individuals with mental health issues.

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    Community Integration

    The process of involving individuals with mental illness in social and recreational activities in their community.

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    Take Home Considerations

    Key factors to consider when planning therapy, including program length and safety.

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    Positive Symptoms

    Symptoms that add or distort normal functioning, including hallucinations and delusions.

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    Negative Symptoms

    Symptoms that reduce normal functioning, such as lack of pleasure and motivation.

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    Hallucinations

    Sensory experiences that occur without external stimuli, can be auditory, visual, or tactile.

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    Delusions

    Firmly held false beliefs regardless of evidence to the contrary.

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    Psychosis

    A symptom indicating a loss of touch with reality, often involving hallucinations and delusions.

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    Antipsychotics

    Medications that reduce or relieve symptoms of psychosis.

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    Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

    A treatment involving controlled electric pulses to stimulate the brain for mood changes.

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    Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

    A therapy focusing on changing negative thought patterns to improve emotions and behavior.

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    Schizoaffective Disorder

    A disorder with a mix of schizophrenia symptoms and mood disorder symptoms.

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    Study Notes

    Schizophrenia

    • A complex mental illness impacting thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and relationships with others
    • Affects both men and women, slightly more common in men
    • First episode typically occurs in late teens/early twenties, usually earlier for men
    • Occurs in all ethnicities, cultures, and socio-economic groups (0.3% -0.7%) of the world's population

    Causes & Risk Factors

    • Genetics (60%-80%)
    • Brain development during birth and childhood
    • Trauma or life-altering events
    • Substance use in youth
    • Environmental factors (e.g., urban living)

    Positive Symptoms

    • Add to or distort normal functioning
    • Hallucinations (auditory, tactile, and visual)
    • Delusions (false beliefs)
    • Confused thoughts
    • Disorganized speech
    • Trouble concentrating
    • Agitation
    • Anxiety

    Negative Symptoms

    • Involve normal functioning loss or reduced
    • Lack of pleasure
    • Trouble with speech
    • Restricted or flat affect
    • Withdrawal
    • Struggling with ADLs
    • Decreased desire to socialize
    • Lack of motivation
    • Trouble sleeping

    Functional Impairment

    • Positive and negative symptoms lead to impaired function and decreased quality of life
    • Cognitive symptoms (IQ, working memory) impact daily life

    Psychosis

    • One symptom of schizophrenia, representing a loss of touch with reality
    • Two main symptoms: hallucinations and delusions
    • Can be caused by various factors including mental health disorders, substance use, and others (e.g., dementia, brain tumors)
    • Other symptoms include difficulty concentrating, withdrawal from others, and decline in hygiene

    Psychosis vs. Schizophrenia

    • Psychosis is an episode of detachment from reality, a symptom of several conditions (sleep deprivation, substance use, etc.)
    • To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, one must experience at least two of the following for six months, including one of the first three: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, catatonic behaviors, and negative symptoms (lessened emotional expression)

    Other Spectrum Disorders

    • Schizoaffective disorder: A mix of schizophrenia symptoms and mood disorder symptoms (depression or mania).
    • Delusional disorder: Characterized by fixed false beliefs (delusions) that persist for more than a month, without other psychotic symptoms.

    Treatment Options

    • Medication (often first)
    • Brain stimulation therapies (e.g., ECT, TMS)
    • Psychosocial therapies (e.g., psychoeducation, DBT, CBT)

    Medications

    • Antipsychotic medications reduce or relieve psychosis symptoms
      • First-generation (typical): Block dopamine (e.g., Haldol, Loxapine, Prolixin) side effects include drowsiness, constipation, muscle stiffness, spasms. – Second-generation (atypical): Block dopamine and serotonin (e.g., Clozapine, Olanzapine, Risperidal, Invega, Abilify, Seroquel) side effects include weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and dry mouth.
    • Antidepressant medications alter brain chemicals (e.g., Lexapro, Prozac, Zoloft) with side effects such as jitteriness, dry mouth, nausea, increased appetite, weight gain, loss of sexual desire, fatigue, drowsiness, anxiety, irritability, agitation, dizziness, constipation, and blurred vision.

    Brain Stimulation Therapies

    • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A last resort for mental health conditions like depression, mania, schizophrenia, and delusional disorders, involves short, controlled electrical pulses to stimulate the brain.
    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Uses magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in the prefrontal cortex for mood regulation, doesn't require anesthesia and may help with auditory hallucinations, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits.

    Psychosocial Therapies

    • Psychoeducation: Improves understanding of illness and treatment, positive thinking skills, anger management, medication management and coping skills
    • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Supports managing symptoms and improving life quality, focuses on emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal skills, social skills, and relapse prevention
    • Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT): Supports symptom management and improving quality of life by identifying and changing unhelpful thought patterns. CBT for Psychosis (CBT-P) helps patients respond to psychotic experiences (e.g., hallucinations and delusions).

    Recreation Therapy & Schizophrenia

    • Forensic Psychiatry: Focuses on the relationship between psychiatry and the law, includes inpatient care (assessments, rehabilitation, acute stabilization), fitness to stand trial, and criminal responsibility assessments for individuals under jurisdiction.
    • Evidence-based recreation therapy programs aim for community integration.

    Barriers to Engagement

    • Illness side effects (e.g., disorganized thinking, slow movement, rapid mood changes, lack of motivation)
    • Medication side effects (e.g., drowsiness, weight gain, constipation, muscle stiffness, nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, irritability and agitation)
    • Stigma (negative attitudes and labels surrounding mental illness, reduced acceptance from community members, stigma through social media, shame related to diagnosis or associated actions)
    • Lack of resources (financial, ODSP experience with homelessness, social relationships, lack of support due to illness, education or knowledge)
    • Lack of developed skills (social skills, leisure skills, physical skills)
    • Other time commitments (therapeutic programs, school/work priorities, family visits)

    Take Home Considerations

    • Length of programs
    • Program variability
    • Physical activity clearance (PAR-Q)
    • Safety and risk considerations

    Recreation Therapy Interventions

    • Yoga
    • Cricut
    • Photovoice
    • Team Sports
    • How of Happiness
    • Community Outings
    • Pen to Paper
    • Chair One Fitness
    • Creative Expressions
    • Goal Setting
    • Armchair Travel
    • Nintendo
    • Board Games
    • Cool Runnings
    • Growing Gratitude
    • Recording Studio
    • Sober Leisure

    Yoga

    • Increased movement
    • Psychological well-being
    • Importance of relaxation
    • Health benefits: multiple body systems simultaneously
    • Reduced blood pressure
    • Type 2 diabetes improvement
    • Flexibility improved
    • Positive effects on depression, anxiety, stress
    • Improve emotional regulation
    • Increase mood
    • Offered 1–2 times per month

    Team Sports

    • Positive associations between activities and both psychological and physical effects
    • Social competence, competition, and team atmosphere can improve aggression, impulse control, and conflict resolution strategies
    • Cognitive benefits: Improved problem-solving, goal-setting, directions, attention, memory, and concentration
    • Social benefits: Improved social confidence, communication, and reciprocal relationship skills
    • Offered throughout the hospital multiple times per week (e.g., volleyball, baseball, basketball)

    Goal Setting

    • An integral component of psychiatric rehabilitation and behavioral change
    • Enhances motivation, adherence, self-efficacy, and overall quality of life
    • Establishing specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound (SMART) goals produces better results.

    Creative Expressions

    • Provides a safe opportunity to express emotions, enhance positive emotions, and better oneself
    • Evidence supports art as a therapeutic intervention to evoke emotional vulnerability in individuals with schizophrenia.
    • Can be offered using a variety of mediums (e.g., paint, clay, markers, pottery, oil pastels)

    Community Outings

    • Aims to promote community reintegration and support patients' journeys towards mental health recovery
    • Allows for rebuilding family ties, accessing community resources, and developing vocational and leisure skills, practicing skills and generalizing them to the social environment—a pillar of mental health recovery
    • Provide essential information to influence patient care and discharge.
    • Offered approximately 3 times per week.

    Quotes from Patients

    • Reported positive experiences regarding therapy.

    Activity - Hearing Voices

    • A specific activity about hearing voices

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on schizophrenia with this quiz, which covers prevalence, symptoms, recovery, and its relationship with violence. Delve into the distinctions between schizophrenia and related disorders while learning about the impacts on daily life. Ideal for psychology students or anyone interested in mental health.

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