Psychology Chapter on Structuralism and Intelligence
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Questions and Answers

What are the elements of the mind according to Titchner's structuralism?

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According to Titchner, what could be known only by their attributes?

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What is the Law of Continuity in Titchner's structuralism?

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What did Titchner argue about the neurological correlates of mental events?

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Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of structuralism?

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What were the two reasons Spearman's conclusion was important?

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Which of these statements accurately reflects Sir Cyril Burt's research findings?

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Which of the following statements BEST describe the contrast between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

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Henry Goddard's research on the 'Kallikak Family' aimed to investigate the relationship between:

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What did Spearman's theory of intelligence emphasize, in contrast to Binet?

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What was the primary argument of Thomas Malthus's "An Essay on the Principles of Population"?

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What is the core idea behind Social Darwinism?

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Why was Darwin's theory of evolution initially met with resistance from the Church?

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How did Darwin's observations on the Beagle expedition influence his theory of evolution?

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What role did Darwin propose for animal emotions in human psychology?

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What motivated Darwin to finally publish his theory of evolution?

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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Social Darwinism and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?

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What is the primary difference between Social Darwinism and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?

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According to William James, how does one increase their self-esteem?

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Which of the following is NOT a component of James's 'Me' concept of self?

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What is the key principle that underlies James's theory of emotion?

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According to James, how does free will differ from habitual behavior?

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What is the main idea behind James's pragmatism?

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Which of the following best exemplifies James's idea of the 'I'?

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According to James, what is the role of ideas in voluntary behavior?

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James's contributions to psychology were significant because he was one of the first to:

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What claim did Robert M. Yerkes make about intelligence testing?

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What did Robert M. Yerkes find concerning the results of the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests?

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What was a key finding of the research on intelligence by Quinn McNemar, Anne Anastasi, and Paul Meehl?

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David Wechsler's main criticism of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test was:

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What is a key characteristic of intelligence?

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What is the Flynn effect?

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What was Howard Gardner's main argument regarding traditional views of intelligence?

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What is the main argument presented against the concept of 'innateness bias' in terms of intelligence?

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What was William James' major contribution to the field of psychology?

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What was the main focus of William James' 'Principles of Psychology'?

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What did William James argue about the nature of consciousness?

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What did William James believe about the relationship between habits and intention?

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What was William James' view on the study of religion?

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of James' concept of 'stream of consciousness'?

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What did William James mean by the phrase 'if an idea works, it is valid'?

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How did William James' experiences with depression influence his views on free will?

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Which of the following is NOT a stage of US psychology mentioned in the text?

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Which philosopher’s ideas influenced Samuel Johnson's exploration of psychological topics?

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What did Münsterberg believe about the relationship between behavior and ideas?

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Why did Mary Whiton Calkins not receive her Ph.D. degree even though she passed her exams?

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Which of the following is NOT a field of applied psychology that Münsterberg contributed to?

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What was Münsterberg's primary approach in clinical psychology?

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What did Münsterberg suggest about harsh interrogation tactics?

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What is the 'paired association technique' of memory that Mary Whiton Calkins researched?

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In which area of psychology was Münsterberg considered a pioneer?

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What was the key belief that Peirce held about the mind?

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Flashcards

Mental elements

Components of the mind including sensations, images, and affections.

Law of Continuity

The principle that events experienced together are remembered together.

Attributes of sensations

Qualities that characterize sensations and images: quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and extensity.

Decline of Structuralism

The fall of structuralism due to questions about introspection and focus on animal behavior.

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G.E. Müller

A memory researcher who found subjects organize materials into meaningful patterns.

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Two Factor Theory of Intelligence

A theory proposing a general factor and a specific factor influencing intelligence.

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Cattell's Intelligence Distinction

Cattell distinguished between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

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Fluid Intelligence

The capacity to reason and solve new problems in real time.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills accumulated over time, stable with age.

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Kallikak Family Study

A study exploring the link between family background and intelligence.

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James’ Self Concept

Distinction between 'I' (empirical self) and 'Me' (objective self).

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Material Self

Part of the self related to body, family, and possessions.

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Social Self

Self perceived through social interactions and roles.

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Spiritual Self

State of consciousness and subjective reality.

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Self-Esteem

Ratio of attempts to achievements; affects self-worth.

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James-Lange Theory

Emotion results from bodily reactions to stimuli.

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Ideo-Motor Theory

Ideas of actions precede and cause actions.

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Pragmatism in Psychology

Judges beliefs by their practical consequences and truth.

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Charles Peirce

An influential pragmatist emphasizing logical consequences of ideas.

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Hugo Münsterberg

Founder of applied psychology, differed from James on behavior and consciousness.

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Applied Psychology

Application of psychological principles in real-world settings.

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Reciprocal antagonism

A technique to strengthen opposing thoughts in patients.

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Forensic psychology

Application of psychology in legal matters, including eyewitness testimony.

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Lie detector test

A tool developed by Münsterberg to evaluate truthfulness.

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Mary Whiton Calkins

Pioneer in psychology, known for memory research and first female APA president.

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Paired association technique

Calkins' method for studying memory through pairs of stimuli.

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Social Darwinism

Application of 'survival of the fittest' to societies and businesses.

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Charles Darwin

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

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Natural Selection

Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive.

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Theory of Evolution

Darwin's theory explaining how species change over time due to natural selection.

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Malthus's Principle

Population growth is limited by resources like food, war, and disease.

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Variability

Differences in characteristics within a species that contribute to survival.

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Struggle for Survival

Challenge organisms face for resources, leading to natural selection.

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Human Emotions and Evolution

Darwin suggested human emotions evolved from animal emotions necessary for survival.

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Gifted Children

Children with exceptional abilities that require special educational support.

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Army Intelligence Tests

Tests to assess the cognitive abilities of Army recruits, including Army Alpha and Beta.

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The Flynn Effect

The observed rise in IQ scores over time across populations.

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Psychometrics

The field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.

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Wechsler Tests

Standardized intelligence tests for adults (WAIS) and children (WISC).

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Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory that suggests there are various kinds of intelligence, including musical and linguistic.

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Intelligence Definition

A capacity for learning from experience and adapting to the environment.

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IQ Controversy

Debate surrounding the interpretation and implications of IQ tests, including connections to eugenics.

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Stream of Consciousness

A narrative mode that captures the continuous flow of thoughts and feelings.

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Habits Formation

The process of creating patterns of behavior through repetition and practice.

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William James

An influential psychologist known for functionalism and his work on stream of consciousness.

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Principles of Psychology

William James's key work consisting of deep explorations in psychology.

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Environmental Impacts on Intelligence

Psychologists like Anastasi studied how surroundings affect intelligence.

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Adaption in Intelligence

The ability to change thought processes based on experiences and environment.

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Eugenics and IQ

The controversial belief linking low IQ to social policies aimed at controlling populations.

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Study Notes

Ernst Weber: Psychophysics

  • Introduced the importance of muscle research
  • Touch has multiple sensations (pain, pressure, light)
  • Distinguished touch sensitivity across the body, with the tongue being most sensitive (20mm) and the back least sensitive (60mm)
  • Noticed the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in weight discrimination experiments
  • Discovered a constant ratio between the stimulus and the JND
  • Helped lay the groundwork for psychophysics

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)

  • Believed the physical and psychological are intertwined
  • Developed psychophysics
  • Applied Weber's law to the study of sensation
  • Created experimental aesthetics

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

  • Established the first experimental psychology institute in 1879 (beginning of psychology as a discipline)
  • Considered one of the most influential and productive psychologists
  • Goals of psychology: understanding basic mental processes and higher mental functions
  • Focused on immediate and mediate experience
  • Advocated for experimental psychology as a natural science, following the scientific method

Mental Chronometry

  • Reaction time studies (Franciscus Donders) to measure mental processes
  • Wundt measured reaction times during various mental activities (mental chronometry)

Introspection

  • A technique for self-report of conscious experience
  • Complex mental processes were broken down into elements

Mental Chronometry

  • Wundt used introspection in reaction time studies to measure mental processes
  • Reaction time studies (Franciscus Donders) to measure mental processes

Mental Elements

  • The elements of the mind: sensations, images, and affections
  • Attributes (only for sensations and images): quality, intensity, duration, clearness, extensity
  • Wundt’s tridimensional theory of emotion

Law of Combination

  • Events experienced together are remembered together

Context theory of meaning

  • Understanding sensations is based on context
  • Neurological correlates of mental events are believed to create continuity in psychological function

The Decline of Structuralism

  • Introspection proved unreliable
  • The need to examine practical implications led to examining animal behavior and the study of the mind's processes rather than its basic structure
  • Interest in the differences between humans

Naturalism and American Psychology

  • Evolutionary theory before Darwin
  • Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • Spencer: applied evolution to humans and society
  • The importance of environment and adaptability in relation to evolutionary theory

Social Darwinism

  • Survival of the fittest applied to societies
  • Philosophical implications for capitalistic values

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

  • Natural selection
  • Variation leads to differential survival and reproduction
  • Importance of environmental factors
  • Controversial because of conflicts with religious beliefs

Human Emotions

  • Darwin argued that human emotions originated from animal emotions for survival

Eugenics

  • Galton's notion of selective breeding for desirable traits, based on believing intelligence is inherited and therefore could be improved through reproduction

Mental Imagery

  • Galton's study of mental imagery influenced research

Correlation

  • Developed mathematical techniques to study the relationship between variables influencing behaviour
  • Helped in analyzing data which required large datasets
  • Also helped show correlation between tests and success in college

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

  • Created standardized tests to measure intelligence,
  • Focused on intellectual development related to age
  • Emphasized the accumulation of abilities for different aspects of intellectual development (as opposed to a singular ability)
  • Developed intelligence tests but were less concerned with the biological components

Spearman's Legacy

  • Used factor analysis to establish a unitary or general factor contributing to intelligence (a general factor and a specific factor contribute to intelligence)

Cyril Burt (1883-1971)

  • Continued research and extended Spearman’s work on heritability of intelligence
  • Controversies emerged, with accusations of data fabrication; however, results confirmed by later researchers

Goddard (1866-1957)

  • Adapted Binet-Simon Intelligence scale for English-speaking children
  • Applied to immigrants, leading to issues of bias
  • His view on immigrant intelligence had a negative impact

Lewis Terman (1877-1956)

  • Developed and improved the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
  • Measured intellectual development, relating it to chronological age
  • Promoted and propagated the widespread of IQ testing

Henry Goddard

  • Applied intelligence tests to immigrants,
  • Focus was on intelligence testing of people of different backgrounds

Leta Hollingworth (1886-1939)

  • Challenged the idea that women had inferior intelligence to men
  • Proposed improved education for gifted children

Experimental Psychology

  • Functional psychology in the US was the next significant approach to psychology.
  • Emphasized and focused on the what, when, and why of mental processes involved in human behaviour, influenced by evolution and biological processes (Darwin’s ideas)
  • Influenced by both structuralism and evolution

William James (1842-1910)

  • Founder of functionalism
  • Focused on mental processes and their purpose/function for human behaviour
  • Critical of structuralism, which focused on the anatomy of the mind
  • The stream of consciousness is a continuous and ever-changing experience
  • Importance of habits and how they influence behaviour
  • Pragmatism is the cornerstone of functionalism

Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)

  • One of the earliest applied psychologists, focusing on aspects of psychology that have practical application, such as psychology related to the legal system
  • Founded the first psychology laboratory in the US

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

  • Early female psychologist who advanced research in memory
  • She did significant experimental research influenced by her background in philosophy

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Explore the key concepts of Titchner's structuralism and its decline, along with theories of intelligence from Spearman and Burt. This quiz covers important psychological theories, research findings, and the relationship between evolution and social concepts. Test your understanding of these foundational ideas in psychology.

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