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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)?
What is the primary function of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)?
Cortisol is known as the 'stress hormone'.
Cortisol is known as the 'stress hormone'.
True
Name one effect of cortisol on the body during a stress response.
Name one effect of cortisol on the body during a stress response.
Increases access to energy stores
The HPA axis consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the _____ cortex.
The HPA axis consists of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the _____ cortex.
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Which condition is associated with the chronic activation of the stress response system?
Which condition is associated with the chronic activation of the stress response system?
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The activation of the HPA axis decreases the liberation of glucose from glycogen stores.
The activation of the HPA axis decreases the liberation of glucose from glycogen stores.
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What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to CRF?
What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to CRF?
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Match the following components of the stress response with their roles:
Match the following components of the stress response with their roles:
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What is the main role of the neural gate in the gate-control theory of pain?
What is the main role of the neural gate in the gate-control theory of pain?
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What percentage of soldiers reported being in 'moderate' or 'severe' pain?
What percentage of soldiers reported being in 'moderate' or 'severe' pain?
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The gate-control theory posits that the brain has no influence on the perception of pain.
The gate-control theory posits that the brain has no influence on the perception of pain.
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Civilians recovering from surgery reported lower pain levels compared to soldiers.
Civilians recovering from surgery reported lower pain levels compared to soldiers.
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What neurotransmitter is released by pain fibers that contributes to the transmission of pain signals?
What neurotransmitter is released by pain fibers that contributes to the transmission of pain signals?
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The gating mechanism is located in the substantia __________ of the dorsal horns in the spinal cord.
The gating mechanism is located in the substantia __________ of the dorsal horns in the spinal cord.
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What did the injuries mean for soldiers according to Beecher?
What did the injuries mean for soldiers according to Beecher?
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Match the pain fibers with their descriptions:
Match the pain fibers with their descriptions:
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The ___ theory assumes that there is a separate sensory system for perceiving pain.
The ___ theory assumes that there is a separate sensory system for perceiving pain.
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Match the pain theories with their main characteristics:
Match the pain theories with their main characteristics:
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Which process can inhibit the release of substance P and reduce pain experience?
Which process can inhibit the release of substance P and reduce pain experience?
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When the neural gate is open, pain is not experienced.
When the neural gate is open, pain is not experienced.
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Which group requested medication at a higher rate when offered?
Which group requested medication at a higher rate when offered?
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Which part of the brain is involved in processing pain signals according to the gate-control theory?
Which part of the brain is involved in processing pain signals according to the gate-control theory?
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Emotional and social factors have no impact on pain experience.
Emotional and social factors have no impact on pain experience.
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When experiencing intense stimulation, the Patterns theory suggests that ___ will produce a pattern of neural activity resulting in pain.
When experiencing intense stimulation, the Patterns theory suggests that ___ will produce a pattern of neural activity resulting in pain.
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What was the average time difference in wound healing between the caregiver group and the control group?
What was the average time difference in wound healing between the caregiver group and the control group?
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Stress from examinations does not affect wound healing.
Stress from examinations does not affect wound healing.
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What cytokine was mentioned as an important factor in the immunological mechanisms affecting wound healing?
What cytokine was mentioned as an important factor in the immunological mechanisms affecting wound healing?
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The average time for complete healing in the examination condition was __ days longer than the control condition.
The average time for complete healing in the examination condition was __ days longer than the control condition.
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Match the stressful situation with its effect on wound healing:
Match the stressful situation with its effect on wound healing:
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What best describes the comparison groups used in the caregiving study?
What best describes the comparison groups used in the caregiving study?
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Short-lived stressors have no significant effects on wound healing.
Short-lived stressors have no significant effects on wound healing.
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How was wound healing measured in the examination study?
How was wound healing measured in the examination study?
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Which of the following conditions can open the gate according to gate-control theory?
Which of the following conditions can open the gate according to gate-control theory?
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Positive emotions, such as happiness, can help close the gate in the gate-control theory.
Positive emotions, such as happiness, can help close the gate in the gate-control theory.
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What is the primary neural network responsible for pain processing as per the neuromatrix theory?
What is the primary neural network responsible for pain processing as per the neuromatrix theory?
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The neuromatrix theory suggests that __________ influences an individual's experience of pain.
The neuromatrix theory suggests that __________ influences an individual's experience of pain.
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Match the condition with the effect on the gate in gate-control theory:
Match the condition with the effect on the gate in gate-control theory:
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Which of the following statements best describes the neuromatrix?
Which of the following statements best describes the neuromatrix?
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What is the primary effect of psychological stress on cytokine production during an infection?
What is the primary effect of psychological stress on cytokine production during an infection?
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Stress suppresses the immune system in all cases.
Stress suppresses the immune system in all cases.
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The extent of an injury can close the gate based on gate-control theory.
The extent of an injury can close the gate based on gate-control theory.
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What hormone mentioned in the content is associated with stress and alters cytokine production?
What hormone mentioned in the content is associated with stress and alters cytokine production?
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What imprint is created in the neuromatrix through sensory input?
What imprint is created in the neuromatrix through sensory input?
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Psychological stress can lead to _responses in the immune system, extending the symptoms of upper respiratory infections.
Psychological stress can lead to _responses in the immune system, extending the symptoms of upper respiratory infections.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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What method was used in the 1995 study to assess wound healing?
What method was used in the 1995 study to assess wound healing?
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Individuals experiencing high stress had lower cytokine levels after viral exposure.
Individuals experiencing high stress had lower cytokine levels after viral exposure.
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What type of wound was created on the participants' forearms in the study?
What type of wound was created on the participants' forearms in the study?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Health Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
- Psychologists study mental processes, brain functions, and behavior.
Biopsychosocial Perspective on Health and Illness
- The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that health and illness are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Psychological factors include cognition, emotion, and personality.
- Social factors involve the social environment, social class, and ethnicity.
- Biological factors include viruses, lesions, and bacteria.
Nervous System
- The nervous system has two main components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
- Nerves are bundles of fibers that transmit information to and from the CNS.
Brain Anatomy
- The brain has three major anatomic components: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
- The forebrain consists of the telencephalon and diencephalon.
- The telencephalon contains the cerebrum and limbic system.
- The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
- The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain; it's divided into two hemispheres (left and right) connected by the corpus callosum.
- The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum. It is divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital). Each lobe has specific functions.
- The limbic system is involved in motivation, emotion, and memory. Key structures include the amygdala and hippocampus. It interacts with the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.
- The thalamus plays a role in sleep, arousal, and consciousness.
- The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, and oversees the four "Fs" (fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating).
- The midbrain includes the brain stem (tectum and tegmentum), responsible for regulating critical bodily functions like breathing, swallowing, posture, movement and metabolism.
- The hindbrain has two divisions: the metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata). The cerebellum coordinates body movements, the pons is linked to sleep and arousal, and the medulla controls vital functions like cardiovascular system and respiration.
- The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
- Neurons are nerve cells; they send and receive signals.
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is further divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
- The SNS is responsible for voluntary movements.
- The ANS regulates involuntary functions, such as breathing and heart rate.
- The ANS has two subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the "fight-or-flight" response; while the parasympathetic system promotes relaxation and "rest-and-digest."
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system is a system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.
- Key endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, and pituitary gland.
- The pituitary gland is often called the "master" gland because it regulates the secretions of other endocrine glands. It has two parts (anterior and posterior).
- The anterior pituitary secretes hormones such as growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
- The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH).
Stress Response
- The stress response involves two main systems: the sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- SAM system is involved in immediate stress response (fight-or-flight).
- HPA axis is activated in response to chronic stress. Cortisol is the key stress hormone released.
- Prolonged stress can increase risk of cardiovascular disease and affect other bodily functions.
Biopsychosocial Aspects of Pain
- Pain perception is influenced by cognitive, emotional, and social factors beyond the physical injury itself.
- Early theories of pain (specificity and pattern theories) only focus on physical sensations; gate-control theory proposes a neural gate in the spinal cord that modulates incoming pain signals based on activity in pain fibers, other peripheral fibers, and messages from the brain.
- Substance P is a neurotransmitter that facilitates pain transmission; endorphins are pain-relieving chemicals produced by the brain.
- Neuromatrix theory suggests that pain is a complex experience generated through neural network activity, independent of initial physical input. This network, the neuromatrix, gives rise to the neurosignature – which gives all individuals their unique experience.
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) explores the interaction of psychological processes with the nervous and immune systems.
- The immune system has two major components: cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity.
- Stress and immune functioning have a complex relationship where stress can be a factor in how well the body can regulate immune responses as well as affecting overall health and ability to recover.
Stress and the Immune System
- Stress can affect immune function, sometimes impairing the body's ability to heal.
- Stress impacts wound healing, and the time needed to fully recover from injuries or surgical procedures.
- Stress exposure can impact the functioning of the body's immune processes.
- Studies have shown psychological stress contributes to impaired wound healing and impacts the body's ability to recover from a disease or injuries.
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Description
This quiz explores the functions of the HPA axis, the roles of various hormones like cortisol and CRF, and the gate-control theory of pain. Test your understanding of how stress affects the body and the perception of pain based on recent findings.
