Psychology Chapter on Sleep and Senses

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common sleep disorder?

  • Night terrors
  • Narcolepsy
  • Insomnia (correct)
  • Sleep apnea

Lucid dreaming occurs when a person knows they are dreaming.

True (A)

What is the primary role of the cochlea in hearing?

  • Converts vibration into neural activity (correct)
  • Tunnels sound waves to the eardrum
  • Enhances the liking of certain sounds
  • Transmits sound via the ossicles

What is REM rebound?

<p>A phenomenon where increased REM sleep occurs after several nights of poor rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smell and taste are considered the 'chemical senses'.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method that accounts for high pitch perception.

<p>Place theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Night terrors are most common in ______.

<p>children</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of mnemonic?

<p>Alphabet soup method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The next-in-line effect refers to memory for common objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sleep disorders with their descriptions:

<p>Insomnia = Difficulty going to, staying asleep, or early waking Narcolepsy = Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep Sleep apnea = Blockage of the airway during sleep Sleepwalking = Occurs during NREM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three body systems that work in tandem are somatosensory, proprioception, and __________.

<p>vestibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following taste sensations with their descriptions:

<p>Sweet = Sugary taste Umami = Savory taste related to amino acids Sour = Acidic taste Salty = Taste of salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of eye movement during REM sleep is known?

<p>Its function is unknown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three processes of memory?

<p>Encoding, Storage, Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pain sensations is NOT true?

<p>All individuals are equally sensitive to pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the process of keeping information in memory.

<p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sleep apnea causes a lack of oxygen in the brain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Encoding = Getting information into memory Storage = Keeping information in memory Retrieval = Reaccessing information from memory Schemas = Organized knowledge structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is associated with narcolepsy?

<p>Orexin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organ of corti is involved in converting auditory information into action potentials.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Odors are airborne chemicals that interact with the __________ in our nasal passages.

<p>lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of stimulants on the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Excite the CNS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine decreases dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary effects of depressants on the CNS?

<p>They slow down the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heroin is derived from the __________ poppy.

<p>opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive drug is primarily associated with increasing neurotransmitters related to pleasure, such as dopamine?

<p>Heroin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their classification:

<p>Cocaine = Stimulant Morphine = Narcotic LSD = Hallucinogen Alcohol = Depressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychedelics can cause changes in sensation and perception.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality traits might influence drug use according to the content?

<p>Certain personality traits, rather than an addictive personality, can influence drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of informed consent in research?

<p>To obtain permission from participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants in a study can leave at any time without repercussions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a confounding variable.

<p>A variable that differs between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called the __________ variable.

<p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical terms with their definitions:

<p>Mean = Average of all scores Median = Middle score of the data Mode = Most frequent score in the data Standard Deviation = Measure of dispersion from the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect refers to participants experiencing improvement due to their expectation of improvement?

<p>Placebo effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inferential statistics describe the variability of sample data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range in statistical terms?

<p>The difference between the highest and lowest scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the death of neurons and the retracting of non-useful connections?

<p>Pruning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for hearing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

<p>To allow communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system plays a key role in ______.

<p>emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structure of the brain with its function:

<p>Cerebellum = Maintains balance and coordinates movement Hypothalamus = Regulates bodily states Medulla = Regulates vital functions like breathing Frontal lobe = Involved in decision making and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for regulating hormones in the body?

<p>Pituitary Gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord carries motor signals from the body to the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term potentiation?

<p>The strengthening of pre-existing synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is mainly responsible for hearing and understanding language.

<p>temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain imaging technique with its function:

<p>CT = Provides structural images using x-rays MRI = Visualizes brain structure using magnetic fields PET = Measures brain activity based on glucose consumption fMRI = Visualizes changes in brain activity over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the basal ganglia assist with?

<p>Control of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural plasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt to new information and environments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the reticular activating system?

<p>To regulate arousal and consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ nervous system controls voluntary movements.

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to see its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured to see the impact of changes in the independent variable.

Operational Definition

A specific and detailed description of how a variable is measured or manipulated in a study.

Confounding Variable

A variable that unintentionally varies along with the independent variable, making it difficult to determine the true cause of the results.

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Placebo Effect

An improvement or change in a participant's condition due to the expectation of improvement, even if the treatment is ineffective.

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Nocebo Effect

A negative effect that occurs when a person expects to feel harm and, as a result, does.

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Experimental Expectancy Effect

A bias that occurs when researchers unknowingly influence the results of their study based on their own expectations.

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Demand Characteristics

Cues or hints that participants pick up during an experiment that might lead them to guess the hypothesis and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

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Ossicles

The middle ear bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup, that vibrate and transmit sound to the inner ear.

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Cochlea

The inner ear structure responsible for converting vibrations into neural activity.

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Place Theory

The theory that different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane, explaining high-pitched sounds.

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Frequency Theory

The theory that the rate of neuron firing matches the pitch of a sound, explaining low-pitched sounds.

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Olfaction (Smell)

The chemical sense that involves airborne chemicals interacting with receptors in the nasal passage.

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Gustation (Taste)

The chemical sense that involves taste buds on the tongue detecting five basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.

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Somatosensory System

The system responsible for touch, pain, and temperature sensations, involving specialized nerve endings in the skin.

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Proprioception

The kinesthetic sense that helps us track our body's position and movement, using muscle stretch receptors.

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Myelination

The process of neurons forming insulating sheaths around their axons, increasing signal transmission speed.

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Pruning

The selective death of neurons that are not frequently used, which occurs during development and throughout life.

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Neural Plasticity

The ability of neurons to adapt and change their structure and function in response to experience. This includes forming new synapses and strengthening existing ones.

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The strengthening of existing synapses through repeated stimulation, leading to enhanced communication between neurons.

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Synapse Formation

The process of creating new synapses between neurons, increasing the complexity of neural networks and expanding potential connections.

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Cerebral Cortex

The most developed area of the human brain, responsible for higher-order cognitive functions, including language, memory, and reasoning.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, planning, and language. It also plays a role in executive functions like decision-making and problem-solving.

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Parietal Lobe

The part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain.

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Temporal Lobe

The part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing auditory information, understanding language, and storing memories.

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Occipital Lobe

The part of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information and forming memories related to visual experiences.

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Basal Ganglia

A collection of brain structures involved in regulating movement, planning, and reward seeking behavior.

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Limbic System

The emotional center of the brain, responsible for processing emotions, motivation, and memory. It also plays a role in regulating bodily functions.

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Brain Stem

A collection of brain structures located at the back of the brain that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord, responsible for basic bodily functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Part of the brain stem that plays a crucial role in regulating alertness and sleep-wake cycles.

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Endocrine System

A system of glands that release hormones, chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Physical and Psychological Dependence

A state in which a person's body and mind have become accustomed to a drug, needing it to function normally.

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Tolerance

A decrease in the effect of a drug over time, leading to the need for larger doses to achieve the same effect.

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Withdrawal Symptoms

Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops taking a drug they are dependent on.

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Depressants

Drugs that slow down the central nervous system, leading to relaxation and drowsiness.

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Stimulants

Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, increasing alertness, energy, and heart rate.

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Narcotics

Drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep by mimicking the body's natural pain-relieving chemicals.

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Psychedelics

Drugs that alter perception, thoughts, and emotions, causing hallucinations and changes in sensory experiences.

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Mental Set and Setting

The individual's expectations and the environment they are in can influence how they experience a drug.

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REM sleep

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle paralysis, and brain activity similar to wakefulness.

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REM rebound

The phenomenon of experiencing more REM sleep after a period of sleep deprivation.

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Lucid dreaming

A type of dreaming where you become aware that you're dreaming.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent, unintended sleep episodes throughout the day.

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Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent pauses in breathing during sleep, often leading to snoring and daytime sleepiness.

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Night terrors

Episodes of sudden waking from sleep, often associated with fear, screaming, and confusion.

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Sleepwalking

A sleep disorder where a person walks or performs other actions while asleep, usually occurring during NREM sleep.

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Encoding

The process of getting information into memory.

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Dreaming

The process of experiencing and processing emotions, memories, and experiences while sleeping.

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Storage

The process of keeping information in memory.

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Retrieval

The process of retrieving information from memory.

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Mnemonics

Learning aids that enhance recall, often relying on existing knowledge.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

  • Psychology is a science
  • Analysis levels: Social, Biological, and Chemical/Molecular
  • Human behavior is complex and difficult to predict
  • Actions are influenced by multiple factors
  • Individual differences and cultural influences impact perception and behavior
  • People influence each other's opinions
  • Psychology examines relationships between various factors.
  • Science is based on evidence collection, minimization of bias, and established theories
  • Pseudo-science lacks testability and evidence-based claims
  • Confirmation bias seeks evidence to support existing beliefs, overlooking contradictory evidence

Chapter 2: Research Methods

  • Research is utilized to evaluate variables and draw conclusions
  • Hypotheses generate predictions to test theories.
  • A good hypothesis is clear, predictive, and testable
  • Principles for scientific methods include random selection, reliability, validity, and risk of falsifiability
  • Random selection ensures equal chances for participants
  • Statistical tools, including types and concepts including validity are explained
  • Reliability refers to consistent measures.
  • Validity refers to accurate measures.

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Nervous System

  • The brain is comprised of different key structures, with specific functions
  • The nervous system is comprised of the brain stem, spinal cord, and other parts of the nervous system
  • Glial cells support neurons and myelination which helps with neural transmission
  • Neurotransmitters transmit information between neurons
  • Types of neurotransmitters, and their corresponding functions are explained.
  • Neural pathways influence different parts of the nervous system.

Chapter 4: Brain-Function

  • Different areas of the brain have specific roles.
  • Mapping brain function: different methods (CT, MRI, EEG, PET) are explained
  • The brain has areas for different functions
  • Detailed explanations of different brain sections given with specific functions
  • Understanding the human brain and its complexity is detailed in the text

Chapter 5: Consciousness

  • Subjective experience of the world, bodies, and mental processes
  • The importance of sleep to maintain cognitive, emotional and physical function
  • Stages of sleep (NREM and REM), explaining each stage
  • Different sleep disorders and their symptoms are explained
  • What happens when we sleep and how it affects daily life

Chapter 6: Learning

  • Learned behaviors change over time and are influenced by experience
  • Explanations of classical conditioning.
  • Explanations of operant conditioning.
  • Different forms of learning and how they help us understand how behaviors are altered or adjusted through experience

Chapter 7: Memory

  • Memory is a complex process with stages, including encoding, storage, and retrieval
  • Memories are often reconstructed rather than passively retrieved
  • Different types of memory and how they work are further explained.
  • The different processes and systems comprising memory
  • Information processing in the brain is explained in detail

Chapter 8: Cognition

  • Different theories, how the brain works, and the processes in the brain
  • Different aspects of cognition and its role in thinking, memory, attention processes included
  • Cognition is a complex topic, and these aspects include language, perception, and problem-solving processes and how they lead to understanding of the world

Chapter 9: Sensation and Perception

  • Senses detect physical energy (stimuli).
  • Different aspects of sensation and how the brain interprets this information are explained
  • Transduction converts stimuli from sensory receptors into neural impulses
  • Explained processes through different senses giving examples of how stimuli are processed to be interpreted by the brain
  • The senses are interconnected and allow people to experience the world around them.
  • How the senses interact to create perception.

Chapter 10: Emotion

  • Emotions have biological, social, and cognitive components
  • Explained theories of emotion
  • Different emotions associated with some processes and how emotions have different aspects.
  • The different types of emotional responses that are evoked within humans.

Chapter 11: Development Across the Lifespan

  • How memories of experiences from childhood to adulthood change over time
  • Aspects of development throughout the lives and influences on how they change
  • Differences in brain functions in infants and older adults
  • The nature vs nurture debate relating to cognition and its processes
  • The study of cognitive development and its changes across the lifespan

Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion

  • Motivation is a driving force behind behavior
  • Different theories of motivation, ranging from biological to psychological and their relations that motivate behaviour
  • Factors influencing motivation, such as drives, incentives, and needs

Chapter 13: Sexuality and Gender

  • Differences between males and females and sexual orientation.
  • Different perspectives on sexual identity development, and social factors associated with sex and gender differences
  • The biological underpinnings of sexual desire and behavior, and its consequences on sexual behavior.

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

  • Mental health is a complex topic, with various disorders or mental illnesses.
  • The origins and factors influencing the cause of a disorder
  • Diagnosis, treatment options and effects on behavior and emotional wellbeing
  • The different types of mental illnesses, and their effects.

Chapter 15: Social Psychology

  • Social psychology examines how people interact and influence each other
  • Different aspects of social behavior and cognition
  • Various social psychological concepts and theories
  • How the social environment and our interactions with others influence our behavior.

Chapter 16: Personality

  • The structure of Personality and its role in human behavior
  • Various perspectives on personality
  • Different personality disorders.
  • The effects of personality on behaviour and emotional wellbeing

Chapter 17: Health Psychology

  • Health psychology examines the relationship between psychological factors and physical health
  • Various psychological determinants of physical health
  • Lifestyle factors, stress, and illness
  • The psychological impact on physical wellbeing

Chapter 18: Cross-Cultural Psychology

  • Cross-cultural psychology examines how psychological processes differ across cultures.
  • Cultural variations in psychological phenomena
  • Cultural influences on behavior, thoughts, attitudes and other processes.

Chapter 19: Social Influence

  • Social influence refers to the effect of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • The various ways people can influence each other
  • The processes and impact on feelings and actions toward each other
  • Persuasion and conformity, leadership, group behavior
  • Types of social influence and their impacts.

Chapter 20: Psychological Treatments

  • Various types of treatment available for different aspects in psychology
  • The processes of therapy and treatment

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