Psychology Chapter on Sleep and Senses
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common sleep disorder?

  • Night terrors
  • Narcolepsy
  • Insomnia (correct)
  • Sleep apnea

    • Lucid dreaming occurs when a person knows they are dreaming.

    True

    What is the primary role of the cochlea in hearing?

  • Converts vibration into neural activity (correct)
  • Tunnels sound waves to the eardrum
  • Enhances the liking of certain sounds
  • Transmits sound via the ossicles

    • What is REM rebound?

    <p>A phenomenon where increased REM sleep occurs after several nights of poor rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smell and taste are considered the 'chemical senses'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method that accounts for high pitch perception.

    <p>Place theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Night terrors are most common in ______.

    <p>children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of mnemonic?

    <p>Alphabet soup method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The next-in-line effect refers to memory for common objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sleep disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Insomnia = Difficulty going to, staying asleep, or early waking Narcolepsy = Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep Sleep apnea = Blockage of the airway during sleep Sleepwalking = Occurs during NREM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three body systems that work in tandem are somatosensory, proprioception, and __________.

    <p>vestibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following taste sensations with their descriptions:

    <p>Sweet = Sugary taste Umami = Savory taste related to amino acids Sour = Acidic taste Salty = Taste of salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of eye movement during REM sleep is known?

    <p>Its function is unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three processes of memory?

    <p>Encoding, Storage, Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pain sensations is NOT true?

    <p>All individuals are equally sensitive to pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the process of keeping information in memory.

    <p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep apnea causes a lack of oxygen in the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Encoding = Getting information into memory Storage = Keeping information in memory Retrieval = Reaccessing information from memory Schemas = Organized knowledge structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is associated with narcolepsy?

    <p>Orexin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organ of corti is involved in converting auditory information into action potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Odors are airborne chemicals that interact with the __________ in our nasal passages.

    <p>lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of stimulants on the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Excite the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine decreases dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary effects of depressants on the CNS?

    <p>They slow down the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heroin is derived from the __________ poppy.

    <p>opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychoactive drug is primarily associated with increasing neurotransmitters related to pleasure, such as dopamine?

    <p>Heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their classification:

    <p>Cocaine = Stimulant Morphine = Narcotic LSD = Hallucinogen Alcohol = Depressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychedelics can cause changes in sensation and perception.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality traits might influence drug use according to the content?

    <p>Certain personality traits, rather than an addictive personality, can influence drug use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of informed consent in research?

    <p>To obtain permission from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants in a study can leave at any time without repercussions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a confounding variable.

    <p>A variable that differs between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is called the __________ variable.

    <p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statistical terms with their definitions:

    <p>Mean = Average of all scores Median = Middle score of the data Mode = Most frequent score in the data Standard Deviation = Measure of dispersion from the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect refers to participants experiencing improvement due to their expectation of improvement?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inferential statistics describe the variability of sample data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range in statistical terms?

    <p>The difference between the highest and lowest scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the death of neurons and the retracting of non-useful connections?

    <p>Pruning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for hearing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>To allow communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system plays a key role in ______.

    <p>emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structure of the brain with its function:

    <p>Cerebellum = Maintains balance and coordinates movement Hypothalamus = Regulates bodily states Medulla = Regulates vital functions like breathing Frontal lobe = Involved in decision making and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for regulating hormones in the body?

    <p>Pituitary Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord carries motor signals from the body to the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term potentiation?

    <p>The strengthening of pre-existing synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is mainly responsible for hearing and understanding language.

    <p>temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the brain imaging technique with its function:

    <p>CT = Provides structural images using x-rays MRI = Visualizes brain structure using magnetic fields PET = Measures brain activity based on glucose consumption fMRI = Visualizes changes in brain activity over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the basal ganglia assist with?

    <p>Control of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural plasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt to new information and environments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the reticular activating system?

    <p>To regulate arousal and consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ nervous system controls voluntary movements.

    <p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

    • Psychology is a science
    • Analysis levels: Social, Biological, and Chemical/Molecular
    • Human behavior is complex and difficult to predict
    • Actions are influenced by multiple factors
    • Individual differences and cultural influences impact perception and behavior
    • People influence each other's opinions
    • Psychology examines relationships between various factors.
    • Science is based on evidence collection, minimization of bias, and established theories
    • Pseudo-science lacks testability and evidence-based claims
    • Confirmation bias seeks evidence to support existing beliefs, overlooking contradictory evidence

    Chapter 2: Research Methods

    • Research is utilized to evaluate variables and draw conclusions
    • Hypotheses generate predictions to test theories.
    • A good hypothesis is clear, predictive, and testable
    • Principles for scientific methods include random selection, reliability, validity, and risk of falsifiability
    • Random selection ensures equal chances for participants
    • Statistical tools, including types and concepts including validity are explained
    • Reliability refers to consistent measures.
    • Validity refers to accurate measures.

    Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Nervous System

    • The brain is comprised of different key structures, with specific functions
    • The nervous system is comprised of the brain stem, spinal cord, and other parts of the nervous system
    • Glial cells support neurons and myelination which helps with neural transmission
    • Neurotransmitters transmit information between neurons
    • Types of neurotransmitters, and their corresponding functions are explained.
    • Neural pathways influence different parts of the nervous system.

    Chapter 4: Brain-Function

    • Different areas of the brain have specific roles.
    • Mapping brain function: different methods (CT, MRI, EEG, PET) are explained
    • The brain has areas for different functions
    • Detailed explanations of different brain sections given with specific functions
    • Understanding the human brain and its complexity is detailed in the text

    Chapter 5: Consciousness

    • Subjective experience of the world, bodies, and mental processes
    • The importance of sleep to maintain cognitive, emotional and physical function
    • Stages of sleep (NREM and REM), explaining each stage
    • Different sleep disorders and their symptoms are explained
    • What happens when we sleep and how it affects daily life

    Chapter 6: Learning

    • Learned behaviors change over time and are influenced by experience
    • Explanations of classical conditioning.
    • Explanations of operant conditioning.
    • Different forms of learning and how they help us understand how behaviors are altered or adjusted through experience

    Chapter 7: Memory

    • Memory is a complex process with stages, including encoding, storage, and retrieval
    • Memories are often reconstructed rather than passively retrieved
    • Different types of memory and how they work are further explained.
    • The different processes and systems comprising memory
    • Information processing in the brain is explained in detail

    Chapter 8: Cognition

    • Different theories, how the brain works, and the processes in the brain
    • Different aspects of cognition and its role in thinking, memory, attention processes included
    • Cognition is a complex topic, and these aspects include language, perception, and problem-solving processes and how they lead to understanding of the world

    Chapter 9: Sensation and Perception

    • Senses detect physical energy (stimuli).
    • Different aspects of sensation and how the brain interprets this information are explained
    • Transduction converts stimuli from sensory receptors into neural impulses
    • Explained processes through different senses giving examples of how stimuli are processed to be interpreted by the brain
    • The senses are interconnected and allow people to experience the world around them.
    • How the senses interact to create perception.

    Chapter 10: Emotion

    • Emotions have biological, social, and cognitive components
    • Explained theories of emotion
    • Different emotions associated with some processes and how emotions have different aspects.
    • The different types of emotional responses that are evoked within humans.

    Chapter 11: Development Across the Lifespan

    • How memories of experiences from childhood to adulthood change over time
    • Aspects of development throughout the lives and influences on how they change
    • Differences in brain functions in infants and older adults
    • The nature vs nurture debate relating to cognition and its processes
    • The study of cognitive development and its changes across the lifespan

    Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion

    • Motivation is a driving force behind behavior
    • Different theories of motivation, ranging from biological to psychological and their relations that motivate behaviour
    • Factors influencing motivation, such as drives, incentives, and needs

    Chapter 13: Sexuality and Gender

    • Differences between males and females and sexual orientation.
    • Different perspectives on sexual identity development, and social factors associated with sex and gender differences
    • The biological underpinnings of sexual desire and behavior, and its consequences on sexual behavior.

    Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

    • Mental health is a complex topic, with various disorders or mental illnesses.
    • The origins and factors influencing the cause of a disorder
    • Diagnosis, treatment options and effects on behavior and emotional wellbeing
    • The different types of mental illnesses, and their effects.

    Chapter 15: Social Psychology

    • Social psychology examines how people interact and influence each other
    • Different aspects of social behavior and cognition
    • Various social psychological concepts and theories
    • How the social environment and our interactions with others influence our behavior.

    Chapter 16: Personality

    • The structure of Personality and its role in human behavior
    • Various perspectives on personality
    • Different personality disorders.
    • The effects of personality on behaviour and emotional wellbeing

    Chapter 17: Health Psychology

    • Health psychology examines the relationship between psychological factors and physical health
    • Various psychological determinants of physical health
    • Lifestyle factors, stress, and illness
    • The psychological impact on physical wellbeing

    Chapter 18: Cross-Cultural Psychology

    • Cross-cultural psychology examines how psychological processes differ across cultures.
    • Cultural variations in psychological phenomena
    • Cultural influences on behavior, thoughts, attitudes and other processes.

    Chapter 19: Social Influence

    • Social influence refers to the effect of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • The various ways people can influence each other
    • The processes and impact on feelings and actions toward each other
    • Persuasion and conformity, leadership, group behavior
    • Types of social influence and their impacts.

    Chapter 20: Psychological Treatments

    • Various types of treatment available for different aspects in psychology
    • The processes of therapy and treatment

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    Psych Final Exam PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various theories and concepts related to sleep disorders, sensory perception, and memory processes. This quiz covers topics such as REM sleep, lucid dreaming, and the roles of different sensory organs. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the intricate workings of the mind.

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