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Questions and Answers
Which sleep disorder is characterized by persistent problems in falling or staying asleep?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by persistent problems in falling or staying asleep?
What is the phenomenon called when individuals experience brief periods of sleep lasting 2-3 seconds after 2-3 days of continuous sleep deprivation?
What is the phenomenon called when individuals experience brief periods of sleep lasting 2-3 seconds after 2-3 days of continuous sleep deprivation?
In which sleep stage do nightmares typically occur?
In which sleep stage do nightmares typically occur?
According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreams are primarily a result of what?
According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreams are primarily a result of what?
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Which sleep disorder involves temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, leading to momentary reawakenings?
Which sleep disorder involves temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, leading to momentary reawakenings?
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What role does sleep play in information processing according to sleep theorists?
What role does sleep play in information processing according to sleep theorists?
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What typically defines cataplexy in the context of sleep disorders?
What typically defines cataplexy in the context of sleep disorders?
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What statement about dreaming is commonly held as true in psychological study?
What statement about dreaming is commonly held as true in psychological study?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of depressants on the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of depressants on the central nervous system (CNS)?
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What is the primary effect of stimulants on the CNS compared to depressants?
What is the primary effect of stimulants on the CNS compared to depressants?
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At what blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level is a person likely to experience confusion and impaired vision?
At what blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level is a person likely to experience confusion and impaired vision?
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Which class of drugs includes substances like LSD and ecstasy, known for altering perception?
Which class of drugs includes substances like LSD and ecstasy, known for altering perception?
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What kind of impairment might occur at a BAC level of $0.08 - 0.10$?
What kind of impairment might occur at a BAC level of $0.08 - 0.10$?
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Which brain activity is characterized by high amplitude, slow waves during stages 3-4 of sleep?
Which brain activity is characterized by high amplitude, slow waves during stages 3-4 of sleep?
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What is primarily observed during REM sleep?
What is primarily observed during REM sleep?
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What happens to the duration of REM sleep as the night progresses?
What happens to the duration of REM sleep as the night progresses?
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Which of the following best describes the recuperative sleep theories?
Which of the following best describes the recuperative sleep theories?
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The sleep cycle typically follows a sequence of stages. What is the correct order?
The sleep cycle typically follows a sequence of stages. What is the correct order?
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How does lack of sleep correlate with accidents?
How does lack of sleep correlate with accidents?
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Which stage of sleep is characterized by large amplitude, slow waves?
Which stage of sleep is characterized by large amplitude, slow waves?
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What is known about a person's brain activity when awake but eyes are closed?
What is known about a person's brain activity when awake but eyes are closed?
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Which mechanism is associated with the circadian sleep theories?
Which mechanism is associated with the circadian sleep theories?
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What might indicate that a person is daydreaming?
What might indicate that a person is daydreaming?
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What characterizes the stages of sleep that occur in a typical sleep cycle?
What characterizes the stages of sleep that occur in a typical sleep cycle?
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Which theory suggests that dreams primarily serve a biological function, such as ensuring physiological health?
Which theory suggests that dreams primarily serve a biological function, such as ensuring physiological health?
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During which stage of sleep is memory processing and consolidation thought to be most active?
During which stage of sleep is memory processing and consolidation thought to be most active?
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What effect do stimulants generally have on consciousness?
What effect do stimulants generally have on consciousness?
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Which sleep disorder is characterized by attacks of extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep episodes?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by attacks of extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep episodes?
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What phenomenon describes a failure to notice a visible but unexpected stimulus in one's environment?
What phenomenon describes a failure to notice a visible but unexpected stimulus in one's environment?
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What is the primary characteristic of ultradian rhythms?
What is the primary characteristic of ultradian rhythms?
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What is the primary purpose of dream fulfillment according to Freud?
What is the primary purpose of dream fulfillment according to Freud?
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Which sleep problem is specifically associated with the cessation of breathing during sleep?
Which sleep problem is specifically associated with the cessation of breathing during sleep?
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Which type of consciousness processing is characterized by being aware of limited information while using unconscious cues?
Which type of consciousness processing is characterized by being aware of limited information while using unconscious cues?
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Which of the following best describes 'latent content' in dream theory?
Which of the following best describes 'latent content' in dream theory?
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What characterizes physical dependence on drugs?
What characterizes physical dependence on drugs?
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In the context of conscious awareness, what does the 'stream of consciousness' imply?
In the context of conscious awareness, what does the 'stream of consciousness' imply?
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What is drug tolerance primarily associated with?
What is drug tolerance primarily associated with?
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What percentage of individuals reported deaths due to severe alcohol withdrawal in the early 1900s?
What percentage of individuals reported deaths due to severe alcohol withdrawal in the early 1900s?
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Which stage of sleep is most closely linked to intense dreaming?
Which stage of sleep is most closely linked to intense dreaming?
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What is a common consequence of sleep deprivation on cognition?
What is a common consequence of sleep deprivation on cognition?
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What might be a psychological aspect of drug addiction?
What might be a psychological aspect of drug addiction?
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Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?
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Which physiological change is commonly observed with repeated drugs administration?
Which physiological change is commonly observed with repeated drugs administration?
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Study Notes
Consciousness
- Consciousness is our immediate awareness of our internal and external states
Chapter Outline
- What is Consciousness?
- Sleep and Why We Sleep
- Stages of Sleep
- Sleep Problems and Disorders
- Drugs and Altered Consciousness
- Other States of Consciousness
Cognitive Neuroscience
- Conscious processing
- Unconscious processing
- Dual processing
- Selective Attention: Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We intuitively make use of the information of which we are not consciously aware.
- Inattentional Blindness: inability to see an object or person in our midst
- Change Blindness: inability to notice changes in a visual scene
- Pop-out phenomenon: Some stimuli are distinct and draw our attention
Biological Rhythms
- Circadian Rhythms: 24-hour rhythms
- Ultradian Rhythms: More than once/day. Normally ~90 minutes
- Sleep/wake cycle is closer to 25 hours, not 24
Sleep and Dreams
- Measuring sleep activity involves tracking left/right eye movements, EMG (muscle tension), and EEG (brain waves).
Sleep Stages 1-4
- Stage 1 sleep: High amplitude, slow theta waves (5-8 Hz)
- Stage 2 sleep: Theta waves, with spindles and K-complexes.
- Stage 3-4 sleep: Large amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 Hz)
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
- Alpha waves: Slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
- Delta waves: Large, slow waves of deep sleep
Ultradian Rhythm
- Frequently on a 90-minute cycle, stages of sleep: 1>2>3>4>3>2>1>REM
- Sleep Stage 4 is early in the night; REM periods get longer over the course of the night.
- 90-minute cycles during sleep: Stage 4 sleep decreases and REM sleep increases as the night progresses
Sleep Across the Lifespan
- Daily sleep (hours) significantly drops in infancy and increases in adulthood and old age
Why do we sleep?
- Recuperative sleep theories: Life disrupts homeostasis; nightly repairman
- Circadian sleep theories: Result of internal timing mechanisms; evolutionary significant to keep us quiescent in times of danger.
Sleep Deprivation
- Accident frequencies increase with sleep deprivation.
- Time changes (spring and fall) can affect accident frequencies
- Reduced sleep can affect complex cognitive function, motor performance and physiological functioning.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: Persistent problems in falling or staying asleep.
- Somnambulism: Sleepwalking
- Sleep Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, also includes momentary reawakenings
Narcolepsy and Cataplexy
- Narcolepsy: Uncontrollable sleep attacks
- Cataplexy: Sudden loss of muscle tone
- May occur separately or together
Night Terrors
- Occur within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 sleep
- High arousal—appearance of being terrified
- Seldom remembered
Dreams
- Information Processing: Helps facilitate memory
- Physiological Function: Periodic brain stimulation
- Activation-synthesis theory
- Dreams as unconscious wishes: Every dream is meaningful
Dreams: Freud
- Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud's theory about dreams
- Manifest Content (remembered story line)
- Latent Content (underlying meaning)
Drugs and Consciousness
- Definition of drug: A substance that alters the physiology of the body, but is not a food or a nutrient.
- Psychoactive drugs: Alter perceptions or moods
- Tolerance: Decreased effectiveness (or potency) of a drug that results from repeated administration
- Dependence: Physical (abstinence produces withdrawal); Psychological (cravings without withdrawal)-
- Withdrawal Severity, Death reports from severe alcohol related withdrawal, early 1900's.
- Drug Classification: Class A, B and C. Schedule I, II, III, IV, V and VI
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs: UK council constructed to advise government on policy
Types of Drugs
- Depressants: Slow down activity in the CNS
- Stimulants: Speed up activity in the CNS
- Hallucinogens: Alter perceptions, usually via serotonin
- Alcohol: relaxation, impaired judgment, loss of motor coordination. Blood alcohol levels and effects (BAL). Effects of alcohol when BAL is rising
- Cocaine
- Crack cocaine: effects exceed those of snorted cocaine.
- Ecstasy (MDMA)
- Barbiturates (BB)
- Benzodiazepines (BZP) — Safer than BBs
- Caffeine
- Opium, Morphine, Heroin: Effects of opium and morphine, and heroin, specifically heroin overdose
- Marijuana
Other States of Consciousness: Hypnosis and Meditation
- Hypnosis: A social interaction where one person (hypnotist) suggests behaviors to another. Posthypnotic amnesia is a supposed inability to recall experiences during hypnosis; it is induced by suggestion.
- Meditation: A technique that involves turning one's consciousness away from the outer world, toward inner cues and awareness. Mindfulness meditation involves paying attention, with detachment, to thoughts and sensations
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Description
Test your knowledge on sleep disorders and dreams with this quiz. Explore topics like insomnia, sleep apnea, cataplexy, and the effects of stimulants and depressants on the central nervous system. Challenge your understanding of sleep-related phenomena and theories.
