Psychology Chapter on Operant Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

What is the main effect of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Only rewards positive behavior

Strengthens response and increases likelihood of behavior reoccurring (correct)

Weakens response and decreases likelihood of behavior reoccurring

Has no effect on behavior

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Providing praise as a reward for good behavior

Taking away something valuable as a punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior

Removing an aversive stimulus to encourage behavior (correct)

In the context of punishment, what does positive punishment entail?

Removing a privilege to discourage bad behavior

Ignoring the unwanted behavior completely

Giving verbal praise to encourage good behavior

Adding something aversive to discourage a behavior (correct)

Which concept emphasizes the role of cognition in self-regulation and motivation according to Bandura's theory?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of learning described in Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what effect does negative punishment have on behavior?

It weakens the behavior by removing something pleasant Signup and view all the answers

What does reciprocal determinism in Bandura’s theory refer to?

The interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies positive reinforcement?

Giving a student praise for completing their homework Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of osteoporosis on elderly adults?

Loss of minerals in bones Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is the most common joint problem among older adults?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contributor to declines in physical functioning in adults?

Disuse of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of elderly adults who fracture a hip dies within one year?

One third Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle factor is NOT associated with a decline in physical functioning?

Regular physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of osteoarthritis?

Gradual deterioration of cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a leading cause of nursing home admissions?

Hip fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ageing and disease is accurate?

Ageing in the absence of disease typically has little impact. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gene by environment correlation involves a child receiving genotypes that are correlated with their family environment?

Passive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of evocative gene by environment correlations?

Others reacting to individuals based on their genetic traits Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene by environment interactions, what does a higher a2 value indicate for twin pairs where neither are married?

Stronger inherited liability to depression Signup and view all the answers

What role does a marriage-like relationship play concerning inherited liabilities to depression?

Acts as a protective factor Signup and view all the answers

Which method was mentioned concerning the identification of gene-environment correlations?

Purcell Moderated Regression Model Signup and view all the answers

What pattern in literacy instruction was observed among the three countries studied?

Australia had the least intensive instruction initially Signup and view all the answers

After one year, what factor contributed to the similarity in substantial effects of genes on literacy instruction across all studied countries?

Intensive literacy teaching implemented in all countries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the active type of gene by environment correlations?

Children choose or create environments aligned with their genetic traits. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strength allows preschoolers to refer to past and future events?

Symbolic capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason preoperational children struggle with conservation?

Perceptual salience Signup and view all the answers

What is centration in the context of preoperational children?

Focus on one aspect while neglecting others Signup and view all the answers

What task did Piaget use to illustrate egocentrism in children?

Three Mountain Task Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts indicates that an object does not change despite alterations in appearance?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of irreversibility in the context of preoperational thinking?

Inability to understand actions can be reversed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary capability that preschoolers lack, hindering their ability to understand conservation?

Internalization of functional relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of egocentrism in young children?

Inability to understand that others have different viewpoints Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale use to calculate IQ?

Mental age divided by chronological age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a type of intelligence according to Cattell and Horn's theory?

Crystallised intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'g' in Spearman's two-factor theory represent?

General mental ability Signup and view all the answers

Which tests are included in Wechsler's intelligence assessments?

Verbal and performance IQ tests Signup and view all the answers

What is typically considered an average IQ score?

100 Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with scores on IQ tests?

Birth order Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in understanding the concept of creativity?

It can be assessed through various methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with the development of wisdom?

Life experiences Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement: Strengthens a response; increases the likelihood of behavior reoccurring.
- Positive Reinforcement: Introducing a rewarding stimulus (e.g., giving lollies for task completion).
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus (e.g., no chores for good grades).
Punishment: Weakens a response; decreases the likelihood of behavior reoccurring.
- Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus (e.g., getting scolded).
- Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus (e.g., taking away car keys).

Focuses on the role of cognition in motivation and self-regulation.
Emphasizes observational learning through models (imitation and modeling).
Bobo Doll Study: Demonstrated children's imitation of aggressive behavior towards the doll.

Gene by Environment Correlations

Passive: Child inherits both genes and corresponding family environment.
Evocative: Genetic predispositions evoke responses from others.
Active: Individuals create or seek environments that align with their genetic traits.

Gene by Environment Interactions

Interactions between genes and environmental factors can influence behaviors, such as depression.
Twin studies reveal correlation differences based on relationship status, highlighting the protective factor of marriage in reducing inherited depression.

Genetics of Reading Study

Examines the impact of literacy instruction intensity across countries (Australia, US, Scandinavia).
Initial country differences in kindergarten literacy instruction were observed, which leveled out over time.

Adult Health and Wellness

Osteoporosis: Results in fragile, easily fractured bones; significant mortality risk post-hip fracture.
- Preventable through lifestyle changes.
Osteoarthritis: Most common joint issue in older adults; characterized by the deterioration of cartilage, leading to pain and activity limitations.

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Pre-schooler's strongest capability is symbolic representation, enabling them to reflect on the past and engage in fantasy play.
Key Concepts:
- Lack of conservation (understanding that volume remains constant despite changes in appearance).
- Egocentrism (difficulty in seeing perspectives outside one's own).

Conservation in Children

Conservation tasks assess understanding that certain properties remain consistent despite changes in form.
Challenges include centration (focusing only on one aspect) and irreversibility (inability to mentally reverse an action).

Intelligence and Creativity

Psychometric Approaches:
- Spearman's Two-Factor Theory: General mental ability (g) and special abilities (s).
- Cattell and Horn differentiate between fluid intelligence (problem-solving) and crystallized intelligence (knowledge acquisition).
IQ Measurement:
- Stanford-Binet: IQ calculated as mental age divided by chronological age (average IQ = 100).
- Wechsler Tests (e.g., WAIS-IV): Provides verbal and performance IQ scores.

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Description

Explore the principles of operant conditioning in this psychology quiz. Learn the differences between positive and negative reinforcement, including examples and implications for behavior modification. Test your understanding of how rewards influence learning and behavior.