Psychology Chapter on Motivation Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does self-efficacy refer to?

  • A person's belief in their capability to perform a task (correct)
  • The capacity to manage a team effectively
  • The ability to influence others' behavior
  • The understanding of reinforcement theory

    • Positive reinforcement is less effective than punishment in promoting desired behaviors.

    False (B)

    What is the primary focus of Job Design Theory?

    The way tasks can be combined to form complete jobs

    The _____ model includes five core job dimensions.

    <p>Job Characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the job design concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Job Enlargement = Increasing the job's scope by adding more tasks Job Enrichment = Increasing responsibility and autonomy in a job Reinforcement Theory = Behavior is a function of its consequences Internal Locus of Control = Control comes from within the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a lower-order need in the hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theory Y assumes that workers dislike work and require close supervision.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of factors identified in Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory?

    <p>Motivators and Hygiene Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drive to excel and succeed is known as the need for ______.

    <p>Achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Goal-Setting Theory, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective goals?

    <p>Vague (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each motivation theory with its primary focus:

    <p>Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory = Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction McGregor’s Theory X and Y = Assumptions about worker behavior McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory = Acquired needs in work Goal-Setting Theory = Setting effective performance goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reinforcement Theory focuses on participative decision making as a key strategy for employee motivation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind the need for power according to McClelland's theory?

    <p>To influence the behavior of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of motivation?

    <p>To energize, direct, and sustain efforts towards a goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivation is considered a personality trait.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must individuals do before they can satisfy higher-order needs according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Satisfy lower-order needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to early theories of motivation, __________ Theory focuses on the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

    <p>McClelland's Three-Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories of motivation to their key concepts:

    <p>Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs = Levels of needs from lower to higher McGregor’s Theory X and Y = Two contrasting views of employee motivation Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory = Distinction between hygiene factors and motivators McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory = Achievement, power, and affiliation needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT an element of motivation?

    <p>Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Satisfied needs will continue to be a strong motivator.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the 'direction' element of motivation?

    <p>Towards organizational goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key motivator for young employees?

    <p>Exposure to different experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women value flexible work hours more than men do.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two methods of flexible work arrangements mentioned?

    <p>Compressed work-week, Telecommuting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employees who work from home are said to be __________.

    <p>telecommuting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of workers with their motivating factors:

    <p>Professionals = Job challenge and organizational support Contingent workers = Opportunity for training and equity in compensation Low-skilled employees = Employee recognition programs and sincere praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the loyalty of professionals?

    <p>They have loyalty to their profession. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job sharing involves one person taking over the responsibilities of a full-time position.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common factor motivating low-skilled, minimum-wage employees?

    <p>Employee recognition programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT part of the Job Characteristic Model (JCM)?

    <p>Job Satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Task Significance dimension of JCM refers to the variety of skills an employee uses.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does autonomy in the Job Characteristic Model allow an employee to do?

    <p>Have substantial freedom and independence in their work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree to which an employee receives information about their performance is referred to as ______.

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivational programs are most effective in cultures characterized by:

    <p>Individualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maslow's needs hierarchy remains unchanged across all cultures.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the five dimensions of the Job Characteristic Model (JCM).

    <p>Skill Variety, Task Identity, Task Significance, Autonomy, Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following JCM dimensions with their descriptions:

    <p>Skill Variety = Using different skills and talents Task Identity = Completion of a whole piece of work Task Significance = Impact on others' lives/work Autonomy = Freedom and independence in job Feedback = Information about job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motivating Employees - Lecture 8

    • Motivation is the process where a person's effort is energized, directed, and sustained towards achieving a goal. It results from an interaction between a person and a specific situation, not just personality.
    • Key elements of motivation include:
      • Energy: The intensity or drive.
      • Direction: Efforts towards organizational goals.
      • Persistence: Continued effort to achieve goals.
    • Motivation works effectively when individual needs align with organizational goals.

    Agenda

    • Definition: What is motivation and its key elements.
    • Theories of Motivation: Early and contemporary theories.
    • Contemporary Theories of Motivation: Goal-Setting Theory, Reinforcement Theory, and Job Design Theory.
    • Challenges in Motivation: Addressing various worker groups and cultural differences.

    Early Theories of Motivation

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Individuals satisfy lower-order (physiological, safety) needs before higher-order needs (social, esteem, self-actualization). Satisfied needs no longer motivate.
    • McGregor's Theory X and Y: Theory X assumes workers dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision. Theory Y assumes workers can self-direct, desire responsibility, and like work.
    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction stem from different factors. Motivators (intrinsic, psychological) create satisfaction, and hygiene factors (extrinsic, environmental) create dissatisfaction.
    • McClelland's Three-Needs Theory: Three major acquired needs—achievement (nAch), power (nPow), and affiliation (nAff)—motivate individuals in the workplace.

    Contemporary Theories of Motivation

    • Goal-Setting Theory: Setting specific, challenging, yet achievable goals leads to higher performance than no goals or easy goals. Internal locus of control also plays a role. Goal acceptance, self-efficacy, and feedback are important.
    • Reinforcement Theory: Desired behaviors are a result of their consequences (reinforcers). Positive reinforcement is preferred over punishment.
    • Job Design Theory: The way tasks are combined into jobs impacts motivation. Job design should reflect changing demands, company technology, and employee skills.

    Job-Design Theory (including Job Characteristic Model)

    • Job Enlargement: Increase the number and scope of tasks.
    • Job Enrichment: Increase responsibility and autonomy (depth) of a role.
    • Job Characteristic Model (JCM): Five core dimensions – skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback – lead to psychological states (meaningfulness, responsibility, knowledge) that influence work outcomes (internal motivation, high-performance, satisfaction, low absenteeism).

    Challenges in Motivation

    • Cross-Cultural Challenges: Motivational programs may not always be transferable across cultures. Cultural differences in individualism, achievement, and uncertainty avoidance can impact motivational approaches. The need for achievement (nAch) may be lacking in some cultures.
    • Motivating a Diverse Workforce: Varying needs and priorities—autonomy, flexible hours, learning opportunities and good relationships—must be considered among diverse employees (men, women, young workers).
    • Motivating Unique Groups: Strategies for contingent workers, professionals, minimum wage employees might vary in approach, and considerations.

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    Description

    This quiz explores essential motivation theories in psychology, including self-efficacy, Job Design Theory, and Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Test your understanding of key concepts such as the hierarchy of needs, goal-setting, and motivational strategies. Perfect for students studying industrial-organizational psychology or related fields.

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