Psychology Chapter on Motivation and Drives

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Questions and Answers

What is considered a primary drive according to drive reduction theory?

Self-esteem

Wealth

Hunger (correct)

Social approval

Which type of need represents psychological or subjective necessities?

Food

Warmth

Thirst

Self-esteem (correct)

Which hormones are associated with social behaviors as described in the content?

Vasopressin and oxytocin (correct)

Adrenaline and cortisol

Insulin and glucagon

Dopamine and serotonin

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the ultimate goal referred to?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Drive reduction theory primarily suggests that human behavior is motivated by what?

Diminishing drives Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secondary drives as opposed to primary drives?

They are learned through social and cultural experiences. Signup and view all the answers

According to the arousal theory of motivation, individuals are motivated to engage in activities that do what?

Increase their level of arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in controlling homeostatic systems according to the content?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of effectors in drive reduction?

They implement changes to reorder drives. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of primary drives?

Essential for basic survival Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'need for achievement' (nAch) primarily focus on?

Mastery of skills compared to peers Signup and view all the answers

Which need in Maslow's hierarchy represents the basic requirement necessary for survival?

Physiological Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, which need comes immediately after physiological needs?

Safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the key focus of the need for power (nP) according to McClelland?

Exerting impact on others Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy, which need is considered the highest level?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

How does McClelland's theory differ from Maslow's framework?

McClelland's theory lacks a hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state results from the inconsistency of incongruence?

Tension Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized in the need for affiliation (nAf)?

Creating social bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five needs identified in Maslow's hierarchy?

Intellectual Signup and view all the answers

What role do physiological needs play in Maslow's hierarchy?

They serve as the foundation for higher needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of extrinsic theories regarding human motivation?

Motivation is driven by external rewards and biological needs. Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus influence human behavior according to the content?

It coordinates homeostasis and the sensation of satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What role does curiosity play in intrinsic motivation?

Curiosity promotes spontaneous exploration and learning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the need for achievement (nAch) encompass?

The internal drive to master skills and accomplish significant tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive consistency refer to?

The alignment of thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs without contradiction. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a limit of integrating extrinsic and intrinsic motivations?

A clear reference point for measuring outcomes is often absent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the satiety center in the hypothalamus?

To signal feelings of fullness and satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the concept of drive reduction?

Biological needs trigger behaviors to achieve homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between task difficulty and performance according to Yerkes and Dodson's hypothesis?

An inverted-U relationship exists where performance peaks at an optimal level of difficulty. Signup and view all the answers

What do intrinsic theories of motivation suggest?

Motivation may be innate and relates to personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation: Needs and Drives

Motivation is a key determinant of human behavior, driven by intrinsic needs (physical or psychological).
Needs, like water and food (physical) or self-esteem (psychological), influence behavior.
Abraham Maslow categorized needs hierarchically, from basic to self-actualization.
Internal drives motivate us to fulfill needs.
Hunger motivates us to cook or buy food.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-reduction theory suggests behavior aims to reduce arousal from physiological needs (hunger, thirst, warmth).
Primary drives (essential for survival) are controlled by the hypothalamus.
Sensors detect changes and effectors make adjustments to maintain homeostasis.
Examples include hunger, thirst, and feeling cold.
Secondary drives are learned (social approval, recognition, love), not essential for survival.
Secondary drives are influenced by social and cultural factors.

Arousal Theory

Arousal theory proposes that people seek activities to maintain or increase arousal levels.
Increased activity in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system relates to increased arousal.
The Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted-U relationship between task difficulty and performance, optimal arousal leads to peak performance.

Extrinsic Theories

Extrinsic theories suggest individuals are motivated by external rewards or avoiding punishment (drive reduction).
Homeostasis is a key concept, explaining the need for equilibrium.
Examples include working for a wage or completing work for monetary rewards.
Extrinsic factors can motivate behavior via operant conditioning and incentive theory.

Hypothalamic Systems and Satiety

The hypothalamus is the coordination center, maintaining homeostasis.
The satiety center signals fullness or satisfaction, influencing body processes like temperature regulation.
Hormones play a crucial role in these processes.

Intrinsic Theories

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors, curiosity, and learning without external incentives.
Curiosity drives exploration and new information discovery.
Intrinsic motivation emphasizes autonomy, purpose, and mastery.
Intrinsic motivators include pursuing basic biological needs like food and sex.

Limitations and Integration of Motivational Approaches

Motivation is complex and necessitates understanding both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Integrating different approaches is challenging due to the subjectivity of mental processes.
Behavioral integration is linked to psychological growth and overcoming past behaviors.

Cognitive Consistency and Need for Achievement

The need for achievement involves pursuing mastery, control, and accomplishments.
This can be influenced by internal or external factors (social pressures).
Cognitive consistency suggests thoughts and behaviors should align without conflict.
Inconsistencies lead to tension and unpleasantness.
McClelland's theory suggests three social needs: achievement (nAch), affiliation (nAf), and power (nP).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy prioritizes needs from basic (physiological) to higher-level needs (self-actualization).
Physiological needs(food, water) are foundational, before safety and then love, esteem, and finally self-actualization can be pursued.
Needs are ranked hierarchically, lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs become important.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of motivation, needs, and drives in psychology. This quiz covers various theories, including Maslow's hierarchy and drive-reduction theory, while discussing the roles of internal and external factors in motivating behavior. Test your understanding of how physical and psychological needs influence our actions.