Motivation and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Questions and Answers

What is a key component of motivation as defined in the context of management?

Recognition

Autonomy

Energy (correct)

Social belonging

Which type of motivation is driven by the desire to gain rewards or avoid punishment?

Intrinsic motivation

Inherent motivation

Imposed motivation

Extrinsic motivation (correct)

According to Maslow’s hierarchy, which need must be satisfied first?

Physiological needs (correct)

Social needs

Esteem needs

Safety needs

What assumption does Theory Y make about employees?

They seek responsibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Transcendence needs Signup and view all the answers

What are physiological needs according to Maslow?

Needs for food and shelter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Theory X?

Employees must be coerced to perform. Signup and view all the answers

What type of need includes a person's need for acceptance and affection?

Social needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to higher performance when accompanied by difficulty?

Goal acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of job enrichment?

Increasing job responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of the Job Characteristics Model relates to the impact of a job on others?

Task significance Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does goal-setting theory primarily emphasize?

The relationship between goals and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a job allows employees to freely decide how to carry out their work?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to motivate individuals more effectively regarding goal achievement?

Participative goal-setting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core dimension of the Job Characteristics Model?

Salary range Signup and view all the answers

What role does feedback play in goal-setting theory?

It informs individuals about their progress. Signup and view all the answers

What motivates employees according to the Job Characteristics Model?

Autonomy in their roles Signup and view all the answers

In equity theory, what do employees compare to assess job satisfaction?

Their input-outcomes ratio with others Signup and view all the answers

What does expectancy theory suggest influences an individual's behavior?

The perceived outcomes of their actions Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of instrumentality refer to in Expectancy Theory?

The belief that performance will lead to reward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes valence in the expectancy model?

The importance or attractiveness of a reward to an individual Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT relevant to understanding expectancy in Expectancy Theory?

What will my colleagues think of my work? Signup and view all the answers

How does the Job Characteristics Model suggest learning occurs?

From feedback about individual performance Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of performance does expectancy concern itself with?

The desired level of performance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation is the process of energizing, directing, and sustaining a person's efforts toward a goal.
- Energy is the intensity or drive.
- Direction is toward organizational goals.
- Persistence is the effort to achieve goals.
Intrinsically motivated behavior is done for its own sake.
Extrinsically motivated behavior is done to get rewards or avoid punishment.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Maslow's theory suggests human needs form a hierarchy: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization.
Lower-order needs must be met before higher-order needs can be addressed.

Levels of Needs

Physiological needs include food, drink, shelter, and other physical necessities.
Safety needs involve security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
Social needs relate to affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.
Esteem needs include self-respect, autonomy, achievement, status, recognition, and attention.
Self-actualization needs are the need to become one's full potential.

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X assumes employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and need to be controlled to perform.
Theory Y assumes employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can direct themselves.

Goal-Setting Theories

Goal-setting theory posits that specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than easy goals, when accepted.
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to perform a task, and it's a major motivator.
Difficult goals lead to higher performance if accepted.
Participation in goal-setting is beneficial when employees might resist difficult goals.
Feedback on progress toward goals is important.

Designing Motivating Jobs

Job design is how tasks combine to create complete jobs.
Job enlargement horizontally expands a job by broadening its scope.
Job enrichment vertically expands a job by adding planning and evaluation responsibilities.
Job characteristics model (JCM) analyzes and designs jobs, identifying five core job dimensions and their impact.

Five Core Job Dimensions

Skill variety: the range of skills needed for a job.
Task identity: completing a whole and identifiable piece of work.
Task significance: the job's impact on others.
Autonomy: the freedom and independence to schedule and carry out work.
Feedback: receiving information about performance.

Job Characteristics Model (JCM)

Employees are motivated when they learn (through feedback) that they personally performed well on tasks they care about.

Equity Theory

Equity theory states that employees compare their input-outcome ratio to others and address any perceived inequity.

Expectancy Theory

Expectancy theory states that individuals tend to act in ways based on the expectation that the act will lead to a given outcome, and the attractiveness of that outcome.

Expectancy Relationships

Expectancy (effort-performance linkage): Perceived probability of effort leading to performance.
Instrumentality (performance-reward linkage): Perception that performance will result in a reward.
Valence (attractiveness of reward): Importance of the reward to the individual.

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Description

This quiz explores motivation concepts, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Understand the levels of needs that must be met for personal and organizational success in an engaging manner. Test your knowledge on how energy, direction, and persistence contribute to achieving goals.