Psychology Chapter on Learning and Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant contributing factor for the longevity of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in individuals with PTSD?

Positive social support

Increased physical activity

Intrusive symptoms (correct)

Regular therapy sessions

Which of the following best describes the 'Elevated risk hypothesis' regarding SUD and PTSD?

Substance use decreases anxiety levels following trauma.

Substance use leads to decreased risk of trauma exposure.

Substance use has no relation to PTSD development post-trauma.

Substance use results in high-risk behavior that increases trauma exposure. (correct)

Which indirect variable has been shown to increase the likelihood of developing SUD in individuals with a history of PTSD?

Childhood trauma (correct)

Strong familial ties

High educational attainment

Stable employment history

In the shared liability model, the co-morbidity of PTSD and SUD is associated with which two high-order dimensions?

Internalizing and externalizing Signup and view all the answers

What role does lack of social support play in the relationship between PTSD and SUD?

It can exacerbate both PTSD and SUD symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the 'Susceptibility hypothesis' in relation to substance use and PTSD?

Substance use increases arousal and anxiety, impacting PTSD development. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of mental health stigmatization for individuals with PTSD and SUD?

Avoidance of symptom recognition Signup and view all the answers

What impact does childhood trauma have on the development of SUD later in life?

Increases the likelihood of SUD by three times. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the integrated model of treatment focuses on the combined approach to dealing with PTSD and SUD?

Addressing both mental health conditions in a coordinated manner Signup and view all the answers

What effect does trauma load during childhood have on later symptoms in adolescents?

Increases the number and severity of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does the ABC idea stand for?

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of delayed reinforcement?

The reinforcement follows a certain period after the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of classical conditioning?

Reciprocal learning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, what does modeling refer to?

Mimicking the behavior of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of positive reinforcement?

To reinforce behavior by adding a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence observational learning according to social learning theory?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What does critical thinking involve?

Thinking analytically and mindfully Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals believe things are correlated when they are not?

Illusory correlation Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the self-medication theory related to PTSD?

Substance use alleviates PTSD symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process is described as the ability to generate endless meaningful sentences?

Infinite generativity Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of stimulus discrimination in operant conditioning imply?

Differentiating between similar stimuli to respond appropriately Signup and view all the answers

What period is identified as critical for language acquisition?

Eighteen months to onset of puberty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent an operant conditioning schedule?

Cumulative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning

Learning is influenced by outcomes
Learning from past experiences
Reinforcement of behaviors when they occur
"One trial" learning: one event creates learning opportunities
Learning characteristics include shaping, extinction, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination
ABC idea: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Classical Conditioning

Pairing unconditioned stimuli (UCS) with conditioned stimuli (CS) overtime to evoke a conditioned response (CR)
Pavlov's research on dogs' digestive systems, specifically saliva
Noticed unusual/unusual behaviors in dogs like increased salivation when presented with food
Surgical procedures involving the insertion of a gizmo into dogs' salivary glands to collect saliva
Neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
UCS triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)
CS triggers a conditioned response (CR) (e.g. salivation)
Extinction: CS presented alone, leading to a decrease in CR
Spontaneous recovery: presentation of CS alone after extinction to re-evoke a weakened CR
Stimulus generalization: similar stimuli to CS evoke CR (e.g., bell sound)
Stimulus discrimination: ability to differentiate between stimuli leading to different responses

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner - a behaviorist
Reinforcement: consequence that increases the likelihood of repeated behavior
Something happens, behavioral response and consequence
Delayed reinforcement (e.g., speeding ticket)
Intermittent reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

Positive and Negative Reinforcement & Punishment

Positive reinforcement: increasing a response by adding a stimulus (e.g. praise for good grades)
Negative reinforcement: increasing a response by removing an aversive stimulus (e.g. taking aspirin to get rid of a headache)
Punishment: reducing or decreasing a response by adding a stimulus (e.g. grounding) or removing a stimulus (e.g. taking away a privilege)

Observational Learning

Observing others and their consequences, mimicking behaviors
Social learning theory
Factors from Role models (significant others)
Cognitive factors (knowledge, expectations, attitudes)
Environmental factors (social norms, access to community, influence by others)
Behavior factors (skills, practice, self-efficacy)

Thought & Language

Highly inter-related
Ability to express ideas and thoughts
Ability to communicate
Language and cognition are connected
Language is a form of communication for social interaction (social animal)
Language is used to express thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and emotions

Verbal and Non-verbal Language/communication

Infinite generativity: flexible and constantly evolving
Rule systems govern language structure (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics)
Language acquisition is biologically predetermined and interacts with nurture.

Milestones of Language Development

Different stages of language development from infancy to adulthood
Language skills improve as children age: cooing, babbling, single-word vocabulary, multi-word phrases, asking questions, use of advanced vocabulary and grammar
Crucial period for language development is between 18 months to onset of puberty

Cognition and Cognitive Processes

Importance and role of thought, cognition, and subjective experience has changed across 150 years of psychology
Psychoanalysis and behaviorism were common approaches earlier. Modern cognitive psychology focus on cognition, subjective experience
Stream of consciousness, thinking about thoughts
Self-monitoring, self-talk
Problem-solving steps (specify, analyze, formulate solutions, evaluate, choose/evaluate outcome). Decision-making is influenced by long and short-term considerations, comparing alternatives
Critical thinking involves mindful analysis, being creative, and thinking outside the box
Cognitive flexibility: Ability to change perspective, flexibility of thought.

Mental Health Stigmatization

Stigma surrounding mental health conditions; suicide, public and self-stigma
Label avoidance - Avoiding symptoms to not be viewed as mentally ill
Stigmatization and mental illness are connected
Sequential and integrated treatment models

PTSD and Substance Use

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): arises from exposure to a traumatic event
Substance Use Disorder (SUD): substance misuse; can co-occur with PTSD
Shared liability model and co-morbidity (high-order dimension)
Trauma and stress response
Self-medication hypothesis: substance use as a means of coping with PTSD symptoms
Increased risk of SUD in those exposed to extreme stress
Vulnerability to trauma based on exposure
Factors and prevalence of SUD with PTSD

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Description

Explore key concepts in learning and classical conditioning in this psychology chapter quiz. Test your understanding of reinforcement, behaviors, and Pavlov's experiments with dogs. Dive into the intricacies of stimulus pairing and the learning process.