Learning and Conditioning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is learning?

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.

What is associative learning?

Learning that certain events occur together.

What is classical conditioning?

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

What is behaviorism?

<p>The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

<p>The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

<p>A stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

<p>The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

<p>An originally irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

<p>The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The decrease in response resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

<p>The re-occurrence of conditioning after it had appeared to be extinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>The process by which two distinct but similar stimuli come to produce the same response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

<p>The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

<p>A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is respondent behavior?

<p>Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant behavior?

<p>Behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of effect?

<p>Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Skinner Box?

<p>A box in which a rat presses a lever and then receives food for it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

<p>An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

<p>Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

<p>Adding something good to increase the likeliness of the behavior repeating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

<p>Taking something away to increase the likeliness of the behavior repeating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary reinforcers?

<p>Things we can't live without; food, water, shelter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary (conditioned) reinforcers?

<p>A stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a natural stimulus?

<p>An unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule?

<p>An operant conditioning principle in which only some responses made are followed by reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

<p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable ratio schedule?

<p>A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning

  • Learning: Modification of behavior based on experiences.
  • Associative learning: Recognition that certain events occur together, involves stimuli or responses and their consequences.

Classical Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning: Learning to link multiple stimuli, enabling anticipation of events.
  • Unconditioned response (UCR): Natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation from food.
  • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
  • Conditioned response (CR): Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus through association.
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS): Initially irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus.
  • Acquisition: Initial stage of linking a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus; also involves strengthening reinforced responses in operant conditioning.
  • Extinction: Decrease in response due to repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous recovery: Reoccurrence of conditioned response after a period of apparent extinction.
  • Generalization: Process where similar stimuli evoke the same response.
  • Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and other non-signaling stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

  • Operant conditioning: Learning that occurs through rewards and punishments, developed by B.F. Skinner.
  • Respondent behavior: Automatic response to a stimulus; behavior learned through classical conditioning.
  • Operant behavior: Behavior that actively influences the environment, producing consequences.
  • Law of effect: Behaviors with positive outcomes are likely to be repeated.
  • Skinner Box (Operant Chamber): Experimental setup where behavior, like pushing a lever for food, can be monitored and reinforced.
  • Shaping: Procedure where reinforcers guide behavior towards increasingly closer approximations of a desired action.
  • Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Reinforcement

  • Positive reinforcement: Introduction of a favorable stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.
  • Negative reinforcement: Removal of an unfavorable stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.
  • Primary reinforcers: Essential needs, such as food, water, and shelter.
  • Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers: Stimuli that become effective reinforcers via association with primary reinforcers.
  • Continuous reinforcement: Reinforcing desired behavior every time it occurs.
  • Intermittent reinforcement schedule: Only select responses are followed by reinforcement.

Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Fixed ratio schedule: Reinforcement provided after a specified number of responses.
  • Variable ratio schedule: Reinforcement given after an unpredictable number of responses, enhancing response consistency.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of learning and conditioning, focusing on classical conditioning concepts. Understand how stimuli and responses interact through the processes of acquisition, unconditioned responses, and conditioned stimuli.

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