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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines learning?
Which of the following best defines learning?
Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unconditioned response.
Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unconditioned response.
False
What is the term for the learned response to a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
What is the term for the learned response to a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
Conditioned Response
The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (US) is known as the ______.
The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (US) is known as the ______.
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Match the type of learning with its description:
Match the type of learning with its description:
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Which of the following is NOT a key feature of learning?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of learning?
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Which key feature is associated with insight learning?
Which key feature is associated with insight learning?
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In Pavlov's study, the bell was initially a ______ stimulus before becoming a conditioned stimulus.
In Pavlov's study, the bell was initially a ______ stimulus before becoming a conditioned stimulus.
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Latent learning is demonstrated immediately after the behavior is learned.
Latent learning is demonstrated immediately after the behavior is learned.
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What is the term for the internal representation of spatial layouts?
What is the term for the internal representation of spatial layouts?
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In verbal learning, the method of linking pairs of stimuli and responses is called ______.
In verbal learning, the method of linking pairs of stimuli and responses is called ______.
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Match the following methods of verbal learning with their descriptions:
Match the following methods of verbal learning with their descriptions:
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Which type of reinforcement involves adding pleasant stimuli to increase behavior?
Which type of reinforcement involves adding pleasant stimuli to increase behavior?
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Negative reinforcement involves punishing the behavior to decrease its likelihood.
Negative reinforcement involves punishing the behavior to decrease its likelihood.
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What is a primary reinforcer?
What is a primary reinforcer?
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A student receiving detention for being late is an example of __________.
A student receiving detention for being late is an example of __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which schedule of reinforcement is considered the most effective?
Which schedule of reinforcement is considered the most effective?
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Punishment is a permanent solution to stop undesired behavior.
Punishment is a permanent solution to stop undesired behavior.
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What is the effect of higher numbers of reinforcements during initial learning?
What is the effect of higher numbers of reinforcements during initial learning?
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In operant conditioning, ___________ refers to voluntary responses influenced by consequences.
In operant conditioning, ___________ refers to voluntary responses influenced by consequences.
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What type of reinforcement involves adding pleasant stimuli?
What type of reinforcement involves adding pleasant stimuli?
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Immediate reinforcement leads to slower learning compared to delayed reinforcement.
Immediate reinforcement leads to slower learning compared to delayed reinforcement.
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What is the gradual weakening of a learned response called when reinforcement stops?
What is the gradual weakening of a learned response called when reinforcement stops?
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The reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period is known as __________.
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period is known as __________.
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Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
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Observational learning requires direct experience with the behavior to be learned.
Observational learning requires direct experience with the behavior to be learned.
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In the Skinner Box experiment, what behavior did the rat learn to perform?
In the Skinner Box experiment, what behavior did the rat learn to perform?
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Reinforcement that gains value through association is called __________.
Reinforcement that gains value through association is called __________.
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Which concept explains the differentiation between stimuli to respond only to specific ones?
Which concept explains the differentiation between stimuli to respond only to specific ones?
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What behavior did children in Bandura's experiment exhibit after observing the aggressive model?
What behavior did children in Bandura's experiment exhibit after observing the aggressive model?
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Children in the control group displayed more aggression than those who observed non-aggressive behavior.
Children in the control group displayed more aggression than those who observed non-aggressive behavior.
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What term describes the process of learning behaviors through observing others?
What term describes the process of learning behaviors through observing others?
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Kohler's experiment with chimpanzees demonstrated __________ learning, characterized by sudden realization.
Kohler's experiment with chimpanzees demonstrated __________ learning, characterized by sudden realization.
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Match the following groups to their observed behaviors in Bandura's study:
Match the following groups to their observed behaviors in Bandura's study:
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What role does vicarious reinforcement play in observational learning?
What role does vicarious reinforcement play in observational learning?
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Media can have a positive influence on behavior through observational learning.
Media can have a positive influence on behavior through observational learning.
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In Kohler's experiment, what was the solution the chimpanzee found to reach the banana?
In Kohler's experiment, what was the solution the chimpanzee found to reach the banana?
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Observational learning is applied in __________ by teachers acting as role models.
Observational learning is applied in __________ by teachers acting as role models.
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Which of the following is NOT an application of observational learning?
Which of the following is NOT an application of observational learning?
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Study Notes
Chapter 5: Learning
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential, resulting from experience or practice.
- Learning involves experience and is relatively permanent.
- It excludes temporary changes due to drugs, fatigue, or habituation.
- There is a distinction between learning (inferred process) and performance (observable action).
Key Topics to Focus On
1. Types of Learning
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
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Key Concepts:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food).
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural reaction to US (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Neutral stimulus paired with US (e.g., bell).
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to CS (e.g., salivation to bell).
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Key Concepts:
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Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
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Key Concepts:
- Operants: Voluntary responses influenced by consequences.
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Reinforcement:
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding pleasant stimuli (e.g., praise).
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing unpleasant stimuli (e.g., stopping a loud noise).
- Punishment: Reduces likelihood of behavior.
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Key Concepts:
- Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
- Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental processes, such as insight, problem-solving, and understanding concepts.
- Verbal Learning: Learning verbal material (e.g., words, sentences).
- Skill Learning: Acquiring the ability to perform tasks efficiently and effectively.
2. Processes in Learning (under Operant Conditioning)
- Reinforcement
- Extinction
- Generalization
- Discrimination
- Spontaneous Recovery
3. Determinants of Learning
- Factors influencing learning.
4. Learning Disabilities
- Disorders affecting the ability to acquire and use academic skills.
Learning Processes
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Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by increasing its likelihood.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adds pleasant stimuli.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removes unpleasant stimuli.
- Primary Reinforcers: Satisfy basic needs.
- Secondary Reinforcers: Value through association.
- Extinction: Gradual weakening of a learned response when reinforcement stops.
- Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
- Discrimination: Differentiating between stimuli and responding only to specific ones.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period.
3. Observational Learning (Bandura)
- Learning by observing and imitating.
- Bandura's Bobo Doll Study: Demonstrated observational learning.
4. Cognitive Learning
- Insight Learning: Sudden realization of the solution to a problem without trial and error.
-
Key Features:
- Immediate.
- Relies on cognitive processing.
- Transferable to similar problems.
5. Latent Learning
- Definition: A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided.
- Tolman's Maze Experiments: Rats showed learned behaviour without any reward in the early trial.
6. Verbal Learning
- Learning verbal material.
- Paired-Associates: Linking stimuli and responses.
- Serial Learning: Memorizing items in sequence.
- Free Recall: Recalling items in any order without cues.
7. Skill Learning
- Acquiring the ability to perform tasks efficiently through practice.
- Goal-Oriented: Aimed at achieving specific objectives.
- Requires Practice: Continuous repetition and development through time.
- Involves Coordination: Combines physical and mental elements for efficient execution.
8. Factors Facilitating Learning
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Motivation: Internal drive towards a goal.
- Intrinsic Motivation: Comes from within.
- Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external rewards.
- Preparedness: Readiness of an organism to learn specific tasks based on biological and cognitive capabilities.
9. Learning Disabilities
- Disorders affecting the ability to acquire academic skills, neurologically based, and persisting over time.
- Characteristics: Impact on specific areas like reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), math (dyscalculia).
- Symptoms: Persistent difficulty in foundational skills; challenges in organizing information or following instructions.
Key Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning
| Aspect | Classical Conditioning | Operant Conditioning |
|---|---|---|
| Basis | Association between two stimuli | Consequences of behavior |
| Type of Behavior | Involuntary (reflexive) | Voluntary |
| Reinforcement | Experimenter controls US | Learner's behavior controls reinforcement |
| Response Type | Elicited by stimulus | Emitted voluntarily |
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Description
Test your knowledge on various learning theories including classical conditioning, reinforcement types, and verbal learning methods. This quiz covers key terms and concepts related to the psychology of learning. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these essential ideas.
