Psychology Chapter on Learning

False (B)

Conditioned Response

<p>Unconditioned Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant Conditioning = Learning through consequences of behavior Observational Learning = Learning by watching others Classical Conditioning = Learning through association Cognitive Learning = Learning through mental processes and understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary changes due to drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves cognitive processing of the problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>paired-associates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paired-Associates = Linking two stimuli Serial Learning = Memorizing items in a fixed sequence Free Recall = Recalling items in any order Meaningfulness = Significance enhances learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive Reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that satisfies basic biological needs, such as food or water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Reinforcer = Stimuli that satisfy biological needs Secondary Reinforcer = Stimuli that acquire value through association Continuous Reinforcement = Reward after every response Partial Reinforcement = Reward intermittently</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable Ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strengthens behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>operants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive Reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Press the lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>secondary reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imitated aggressive behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>insight</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group 1 = Aggressive behavior Group 2 = Non-aggressive behavior Group 3 = Control group, no model Control group = Less aggression than others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps children learn behaviors by observing rewards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a stick</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>education</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Driving instruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning is a permanent change in behavior or potential behavior due to experience or practice.

Classical conditioning is learning by association. A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

The unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally triggers a response without previous learning. For example, food makes a dog salivate.

The unconditioned response (UR) is the natural reaction to the US. For example, salivation is the natural response to food.

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially neutral but becomes associated with the US. For example, the bell becomes associated with food.

The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the CS. For example, salivating to the bell alone, after it's been paired with food.

Simultaneous conditioning is when the CS and US are presented at the same time. Delayed conditioning is when the CS starts before and overlaps with the US. Trace conditioning is when the CS starts and ends before the US with a gap. Backward conditioning is when the US is presented before the CS.

Learning through consequences that either increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Voluntary responses influenced by their consequences, either positive or negative.

A stimulus or event that increases the probability of a desired response.

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

A consequence that reduces the likelihood of a behavior.

Rewarding every desired response, leading to faster learning but less resistance to extinction.

Rewarding responses intermittently, leading to slower learning but greater resistance to extinction.

Rewarding after a set number of responses, like getting paid after making 10 products.

A new behavior is learned but not shown until a reward is given for doing it.

Insight involves recognizing patterns and using prior knowledge to solve a problem quickly. The solution can usually be applied to similar problems.

Learning that involves understanding and recalling verbal material like words, sentences, or meaningful units.

Skill learning involves developing the ability to perform tasks efficiently and effectively through practice and experience.

Grouping items into categories or chunks to enhance memory.

A bigger reward makes it more likely you'll repeat a behavior.

Getting a reward right away makes you learn faster than waiting.

Waiting for a reward makes learning slower.

Rewards that meet basic needs, like food or water.

Rewards that get their value from being connected to primary reinforcers.

When a learned response weakens because the reward stops.

Responding similarly to things that are like the original stimulus.

Learning to respond only to a specific stimulus and not its look-alikes.

Observational learning is a type of learning that occurs by observing the behavior of others, without direct reinforcement.

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe, especially when the behavior is rewarded.

Vicarious reinforcement is the process of learning by observing the consequences of another person's behavior. If someone is rewarded for a behavior, you are more likely to imitate it.

Vicarious punishment occurs when you observe someone being punished for a behavior, making you less likely to imitate it.

Insight learning involves suddenly understanding the solution to a problem, without trial-and-error, but rather through analyzing the elements of the problem and rearranging them in a new way.

Kohler's chimpanzee experiments demonstrated insight learning. The chimpanzees, after initially failing, suddenly realized how to use a stick to reach a banana.

Teachers serve as role models and demonstrate behaviors and attitudes they want students to adopt.

Children pick up social skills, language, and other behaviors by watching their parents.

TV, social media, and video games significantly influence behavior, both positively and negatively.

New employees learn workplace norms and procedures by watching colleagues and supervisors.