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Questions and Answers
Which domain of development focuses on an individual's ability to sense right and wrong?
Which domain of development focuses on an individual's ability to sense right and wrong?
Development is solely about increasing size and structure.
Development is solely about increasing size and structure.
False
Who proposed the Developmental Stages and Tasks of human beings?
Who proposed the Developmental Stages and Tasks of human beings?
Robert J. Havighurst
The three components of personality in Freud's theory are the Id, Ego, and __________.
The three components of personality in Freud's theory are the Id, Ego, and __________.
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Match the following stages of life with their age ranges:
Match the following stages of life with their age ranges:
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In developmental psychology, which type of change involves an increase in complexity?
In developmental psychology, which type of change involves an increase in complexity?
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The Ego is part of the unconscious mind according to Freud.
The Ego is part of the unconscious mind according to Freud.
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Name one of the theories that explain personality development.
Name one of the theories that explain personality development.
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What is the focus of libido during the Anal stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
What is the focus of libido during the Anal stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
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In which stage of Kohlberg's theory does the focus shift to gaining approval from others?
In which stage of Kohlberg's theory does the focus shift to gaining approval from others?
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According to Erik Erikson, the virtue developed during the age of 5-12 years is referred to as Competence.
According to Erik Erikson, the virtue developed during the age of 5-12 years is referred to as Competence.
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What is the Psychosocial Crisis that occurs between the ages of 13-19 years?
What is the Psychosocial Crisis that occurs between the ages of 13-19 years?
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Assimilation involves changing one's existing schema to accommodate new information.
Assimilation involves changing one's existing schema to accommodate new information.
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The superego helps us decide between right and __________.
The superego helps us decide between right and __________.
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What are the two main processes involved in cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
What are the two main processes involved in cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
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Match the stages of development with their corresponding virtues.
Match the stages of development with their corresponding virtues.
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The __________ stage of cognitive development involves infants coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
The __________ stage of cognitive development involves infants coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
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Which stage in Freud's psychosexual development focuses on weaning off breastfeeding?
Which stage in Freud's psychosexual development focuses on weaning off breastfeeding?
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Match the following Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their corresponding descriptions:
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The Latency stage in Freud's theory occurs from ages 6 to 12 and involves developing defense mechanisms.
The Latency stage in Freud's theory occurs from ages 6 to 12 and involves developing defense mechanisms.
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Which stage of moral development is characterized by a focus on societal rules and laws?
Which stage of moral development is characterized by a focus on societal rules and laws?
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Cognitive dissonance occurs when new information aligns well with existing schemata.
Cognitive dissonance occurs when new information aligns well with existing schemata.
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Which significant relationship is associated with the virtue of Love in Erikson's theory?
Which significant relationship is associated with the virtue of Love in Erikson's theory?
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Name the stage of cognitive development where children can perform operations applied to concrete examples.
Name the stage of cognitive development where children can perform operations applied to concrete examples.
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Which concept refers to understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed?
Which concept refers to understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed?
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Centration is the ability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.
Centration is the ability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.
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What is the difference between a child's learning with help and without help referred to as?
What is the difference between a child's learning with help and without help referred to as?
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Scaffolding provides support for learning and problem solving through ______.
Scaffolding provides support for learning and problem solving through ______.
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According to Lev Vygotsky, which of the following influences cognitive development?
According to Lev Vygotsky, which of the following influences cognitive development?
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Match the following cognitive concepts with their definitions:
Match the following cognitive concepts with their definitions:
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The formal operational stage involves the ability to reason logically about abstract concepts.
The formal operational stage involves the ability to reason logically about abstract concepts.
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Who is the proponent of the Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
Who is the proponent of the Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of Emotional Intelligence?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of Emotional Intelligence?
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Empathy can be achieved without first developing self-awareness.
Empathy can be achieved without first developing self-awareness.
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What is the primary focus of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
What is the primary focus of Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
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The ability to control one's impulses and express emotions appropriately is referred to as __________.
The ability to control one's impulses and express emotions appropriately is referred to as __________.
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Match the following Ecological Systems with their descriptions:
Match the following Ecological Systems with their descriptions:
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Which component of Emotional Intelligence involves internal motivation for learning?
Which component of Emotional Intelligence involves internal motivation for learning?
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According to Ethological Theory, behaviors are solely learned through social interactions.
According to Ethological Theory, behaviors are solely learned through social interactions.
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What term describes the cultural contexts such as poverty and ethnicity according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
What term describes the cultural contexts such as poverty and ethnicity according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development
- Growth is a quantifiable physical change in size or structure.
- Development is the increase in complexity of function and skill progression, leading to greater adaptability.
- Developmental changes can be measured quantitatively (numerical) and qualitatively (describing quality).
- Stages of psychosocial development are conceptual frameworks that define how individuals navigate life's challenges.
- The "Social Clock" refers to the culturally defined expectations and timing for various life events.
- "Critical Periods" are specific periods of time when a certain function or skill is most readily learned.
- Atypical development refers to variations or deviations from typical developmental trajectories.
Domains of Development
- Physical: Changes in the human body, such as puberty.
- Social: Interactions with others, including social skills and self-esteem development.
- Moral: Changes in the ability to discern between right and wrong.
- Cognitive: Changes in thinking, intelligence, memory, and problem-solving abilities.
Developmental Stages (Havighurst)
- Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth to 6): Basic motor skills, language development, self-reliance, peer relations.
- Middle Childhood (6 to 12): Physical coordination, social skills, academic skills, moral values, self-concept.
- Adolescence (13 to 18): Physical maturation, identity formation, independence, vocational exploration, intimacy skills.
- Early Adulthood (19 to 30): Establishing intimate relationships, building a family, career development, financial stability.
- Middle Age (30 to 60): Adjusting to the changing family dynamics, career success, contributing to society, finding meaning in Midlife.
- Later Maturity (60 and Over): Adapting to physical and psychological aging, maintaining cognitive function, engaging in meaningful activities, contributing to society.
Theories of Personality Development
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Psychosexual Theory (Freud): Focuses on the stages of psychosexual development, where the libido (sexual drive) is focused in different areas.
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Id: Unconscious desires and instincts.
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Ego: The conscious, rational part of the mind.
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Superego: Internalized moral compass, developing from societal values and parental teachings.
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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development:
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Oral (0 to 1): Focus on mouth, satisfaction through breastfeeding.
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Anal (1 to 3): Focus on anus, toilet training.
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Phallic (3 to 6): Focus on genitals, resolving the Oedipus/Electra Complex.
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Latency (6 to 12): Libido is dormant, focus on social skills and development.
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Genital (12+): Mature sexual development, forming intimate relationships.
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Psychosocial Theory (Erikson): Emphasizes psychosocial stages influenced by social interactions and cultural factors. Each stage poses a specific crisis to resolve.
- Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2): Developing trust through consistent care.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-4): Developing independence and control.
- Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5): Exploring and taking initiative without overstepping.
- Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12): Developing competence and self-confidence in skills.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19): Forming a sense of self and belonging.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-39): Forming close relationships and a sense of connection.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-64): Contributing to society and leaving a mark on future generations.
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65-death): Reflecting on life with acceptance and a sense of fulfillment.
Moral Development Theory (Kohlberg)
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Preconventional Morality (Stage 1-2): Focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment.
- Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience: Morality based on avoiding punishment.
- Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation: Morality based on personal gains and fairness in exchanges.
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Conventional Morality (Stage 3-4): Focus on societal expectations and rules.
- Stage 3: Conformist Orientation: Morality based on group approval and good behavior.
- Stage 4: Authority and Order Orientation: Morality based on following laws and rules.
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Postconventional Morality (Stage 5-6): Focus on universal ethical principles and individual conscience.
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: Morality based on individual rights and social contracts.
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation: Morality based on abstract ethical principles and individual conscience.
Theories of Cognitive Development
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Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget): Focuses on the stages of cognitive development, which are shaped by internal processes of learning and knowledge construction.
- Key Concepts:
- Schema: Organized patterns of thought or action used to understand the world.
- Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing schemas.
- Accommodation: Modifying schemas to fit new information.
- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (0–2): Learning through sensory experiences and physical actions.
- Preoperational Stage (2–7): Developing symbolic thinking, limited by egocentrism and centration.
- Concrete Operational Stage (7–11): Developing logical thinking with concrete examples, understanding conservation and seriation.
- Formal Operational Stage (11+): Developing abstract thinking, deductive reasoning, and hypothetical thinking.
- Key Concepts:
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Socio-Cultural Cognitive Theory (Vygotsky): Emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development.
- Key Concepts:
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a learner can do independently and with support.
- Scaffolding: Providing support and guidance to facilitate learning within the ZPD.
- More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): Individuals who can provide knowledgeable guidance (teachers, parents, peers).
- Self-Regulation: The ability to control one's thoughts and actions, internalizing skills learned from others.
- Key Concepts:
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Information Processing Theory (Siegler): Focuses on how individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information during cognitive processes.
- Emphasizes the development of efficient strategies for processing information and improving cognitive skills.
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Theory of Emotional Intelligence (Goleman): Emphasizes the importance of emotional understanding and management.
- Key Concepts:
- Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others.
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Five Components of Emotional Intelligence:
- Self-Awareness: Understanding own emotions and their impact.
- Self-Regulation: Controlling impulses and managing emotions effectively.
- Self-Motivation: Being driven by internal goals and a desire to learn.
- Empathy: Understanding and responding to the emotions of others.
- Social Skills: Building and managing relationships effectively, using emotional information to navigate social situations.
- Key Concepts:
Other Theories of Development
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Ethological Theory (Lorenz): Focuses on the evolutionary basis of behavior and the importance of critical periods.
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Key Concepts:
- Critical Periods: Specific timeframes when certain behaviors or skills are most readily learned.
- Biologically Programmed Behaviors: Inherited behavioral patterns that are crucial for survival.
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Key Concepts:
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Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner): Emphasizes the influence of multiple interconnected systems on development.
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Key Concepts:
- Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, school, peers).
- Mesosystem: Interactions between different microsystems.
- Exosystem: Indirect influences (parent's workplace, community resources).
- Macrosystem: Cultural values and societal structures.
- Chronosystem: Changes over time, historical events, and cultural trends.
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Key Concepts:
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Description
Explore the concepts of growth and development in psychology, including the differentiation between quantitative and qualitative changes. Understand the various domains of development and the influence of psychosocial stages, social clock, and critical periods on individual progress.
