Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which theory suggests that our emotions are a result of our interpretations of both our internal physiological state and the external situation?
Which theory suggests that our emotions are a result of our interpretations of both our internal physiological state and the external situation?
According to the Opponent-Process Theory, experiencing one emotion might involve the suppression of its opposite emotion. Which of the following examples best illustrates this?
According to the Opponent-Process Theory, experiencing one emotion might involve the suppression of its opposite emotion. Which of the following examples best illustrates this?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
The statement "We feel sorry because we cry; angry because we strike; afraid because we tremble." is a key principle of which theory of emotion?
The statement "We feel sorry because we cry; angry because we strike; afraid because we tremble." is a key principle of which theory of emotion?
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What is the concept called where the right hemisphere of the brain is associated with negative emotions, and the left hemisphere is associated with positive emotions?
What is the concept called where the right hemisphere of the brain is associated with negative emotions, and the left hemisphere is associated with positive emotions?
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What are the components of the emotion process?
What are the components of the emotion process?
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How do emotions and motivation relate to each other?
How do emotions and motivation relate to each other?
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What do display rules refer to in emotional expression?
What do display rules refer to in emotional expression?
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According to Paul Ekman, how many basic emotions can humans universally recognize?
According to Paul Ekman, how many basic emotions can humans universally recognize?
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What influences the development of emotional responses according to the information provided?
What influences the development of emotional responses according to the information provided?
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What is the role of the amygdala in emotional processing?
What is the role of the amygdala in emotional processing?
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How do the two emotional pathways in the brain function differently?
How do the two emotional pathways in the brain function differently?
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What does Robert Plutchik's 'Emotion Wheel' illustrate?
What does Robert Plutchik's 'Emotion Wheel' illustrate?
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What are some common fears attributed to innate sensitivity in the emotional pathways?
What are some common fears attributed to innate sensitivity in the emotional pathways?
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What factors contribute to the perception that women are more emotional than men?
What factors contribute to the perception that women are more emotional than men?
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How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law relate to performance and arousal?
How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law relate to performance and arousal?
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What is a potential drawback of relying solely on extrinsic motivation?
What is a potential drawback of relying solely on extrinsic motivation?
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Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?
Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?
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Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between biology and motivation?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between biology and motivation?
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What role does motivation play in human behavior according to psychologists?
What role does motivation play in human behavior according to psychologists?
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Flashcards
Components of Emotion
Components of Emotion
Emotion consists of physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, and behavioral expression.
Role of Emotions
Role of Emotions
Emotions help us respond to important situations and convey our intentions to others.
Universal Emotions
Universal Emotions
Paul Ekman identified seven basic emotions recognized globally: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.
Display Rules
Display Rules
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Genetics and Emotions
Genetics and Emotions
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Recognition of Emotion
Recognition of Emotion
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Plutchik's Emotion Wheel
Plutchik's Emotion Wheel
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Fast Emotional Pathway
Fast Emotional Pathway
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Amygdala's Role
Amygdala's Role
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Emotional Gender Differences
Emotional Gender Differences
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Motivation
Motivation
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Drive vs. Motive
Drive vs. Motive
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Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
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Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
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Lateralization of Emotion
Lateralization of Emotion
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James-Lang Theory
James-Lang Theory
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
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Two-Factor Theory
Two-Factor Theory
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
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Study Notes
Emotion and Motivation
- Emotion is a four-part process: physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, and behavioral expression.
- Emotions involve a state of mental and physical arousal focused on an event of importance.
- Emotions help respond to important situations and convey intentions.
- Emotions result from genetics and learning, particularly early in life.
- Emotions act as arousal states, aiding organisms in coping with recurring situations.
- Learned emotional responses, alongside genetics, are crucial components of various psychological disorders.
Emotion Basics
- Emotion and motivation are interconnected processes.
- Emotion emphasizes arousal (physical and mental), while motivation highlights how arousal turns into action.
Why We Have Emotions
- Emotions stem from a combination of genetics and learned experiences, especially during early life.
- Emotions serve as arousal states to help organisms cope with recurring significant situations.
- Learned and genetic components interact in various psychological disorders.
Universality of Emotions
- Despite diverse languages and cultures, studies suggest that people universally understand and use facial expressions for emotions.
- This shared understanding of emotions supports the idea of a biological heritage within the human species.
Seven Basic Emotions
- Paul Ekman suggests seven fundamental emotions recognizable across cultures: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.
Display Rules
- Ekman defines display rules as culturally permissible ways of expressing emotions.
- Display rules vary across different cultures.
Emotion Facial Expressions
- Presented are visual breakdowns illustrating the specific facial muscular movements associated with anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Reading Emotions
- The ability to recognize facial expressions is largely consistent across ages.
- Five-year-old children show similar capabilities in recognizing emotions as adults.
More Emotions
- While recognizing Ekman's seven basic emotions, many other emotions exist (e.g., greed, envy, regret, optimism).
- Robert Plutchik proposed a model with eight primary emotions, each with secondary derivative emotions. This model is visualized as a "wheel."
- More complex emotions emerge from combining adjacent emotions on the "Emotion Wheel." (e.g., love combining joy and acceptance)
Origins of Emotions
- The study of emotions saw significant advancements with the discovery of distinct emotional pathways in the brain.
- One pathway functions quickly and unconsciously, filtering stimuli and initiating responses.
- The other pathway is slower and linked to explicit memory, processing more complex information.
- The brain's built-in sensitivity to certain cues influences instinctive emotional responses to things like spiders, heights, and lightning.
The Limbic System
- Both emotional pathways share reliance on the limbic system.
- The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions, including both negative and positive ones, a more recent discovery.
Emotion in Men and Women
- Cultural norms often perceive women as more emotional than men.
- Biological and cultural factors potentially contribute to this difference.
- There are different lessons concerning emotional control that boys and girls learn.
Lateralization of Emotion
- Different brain regions process different emotions.
- The right hemisphere is often associated with negative emotions, while the left processes positive ones.
Psychological Theories of Emotion
- Various theories explain how emotions affect behavior and mental processes.
- James-Lange Theory: A stimulus triggers a physical response, followed by the emotion.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotional feeling and physiological response occur simultaneously.
- Two-Factor Theory: Emotions are a product of internal physical state and external circumstances.
- Cognitive Appraisal Theory: Emotions arise from consciously evaluating a situation.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Triggering one emotion often results in suppressing its opposite.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Optimal performance corresponds with a moderate level of psychological arousal.
- Too little or too much arousal negatively impacts performance.
- This relationship is often plotted as an inverted U-shaped curve.
Motivation
- Motivation encompasses processes initiating, directing, and sustaining physical and psychological activities.
- Motivation links observable behaviors to internal states.
- Motivation explains behavioral variability and persistence despite challenges.
- Motivation relates biological processes to behavioral responses.
Types of Motivation
- Drive: Biologically based motivation creating tension that organisms seek to reduce. (e.g., thirst, hunger)
- Motive: Learned motivational process. (e.g., achievement)
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic Motivation: Behavior motivated by external rewards or punishments.
- Intrinsic Motivation: Behavior motivated by internal desires and effectiveness.
- Research suggests that intrinsic motivation often leads to better, more sustainable results than extrinsic motivation, though they can work together.
Problems with Extrinsic Motivation
- Extrinsic motivators might not sustain behavior once removed.
- Removing external rewards may lessen behavioral outputs.
Overjustification Effect
- External rewards may diminish intrinsic motivation.
- People may lose interest and intrinsic motivation for activities they previously enjoyed, when extrinsic rewards are introduced.
Theories of Motivation
- Instinct Theory: Innate factors drive behaviors essential for survival.
- Drive-Reduction Theory: Physiological needs create internal tension or drives leading to behavior to satisfy those needs.
Cognitive Social-Learning Theory
- Behavior is influenced by factors including goals and their perceived value to the person.
- This includes expectations of reaching a goal, and the perceived value of that goal.
Psychodynamic Theory
- Motivation stems from unconscious drives, particularly in the Id-level of the mind.
- The theory highlights Eros (the life instinct), and Thanatos (the death instinct) as key motivations.
Maslow's Hierarchy/Humanistic
- Maslow's approach posits a hierarchy of needs that humans strive to fulfil - starting with biological ones and culminating in self-actualization.
- Needs lower on the hierarchy must be partially met or satisfied before moving to higher-level needs.
- Most needs are met at approximately 85% completion before pursuing deeper levels.
Criticism of Maslow's Hierarchy
- Although Maslow's Hierarchy is a cornerstone of motivation models, critics point out possible incompleteness and potential bias regarding cultural differences.
- Basic needs are sometimes neglected for perceived (rather than real) social needs.
Stress
- Psychological stress is a response rather than a situation.
- Psychologists differentiate between a stressor (a stimulus) and stress (a response).
- Stressors can include challenging or threatening situations demanding adaptation.
Traumatic Stressors
- Significant events exceeding "normal" stressors can be traumatizing, endangering physical safety.
- Examples include natural disasters and intentional human-caused catastrophes.
Response to Traumatic Stressors
- Individuals commonly face stages following traumatizing events, ranging from shock and confusion (psychic numbness) to communal support followed by eventual recovery.
PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
- Individuals who experience severe trauma (rape, combat, torture) may develop PTSD, characterized by long-lasting stress symptoms.
- PTSD symptoms can include distraction, disorganization, memory difficulties, emotional numbing, and feelings of alienation.
Response to Normal Stressors
- The human body typically responds to stressors with physiological arousal (fight-or-flight), along with changes in the autonomic nervous system, and decreased immune system effectiveness.
Types of Stress
- Acute Stress: Temporary, resulting from stressors lasting for a specific duration.
- Chronic Stress: Continuous state of arousal persisting for a prolonged period.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- A general physical response to persistent stressors, composed of three stages.
- These stages are Alarm Reaction (mobilizing resources), Resistance (adaptation to the stressor), and Exhaustion (depleting resources).
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Description
Test your understanding of emotional theories and their components with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the James-Lange Theory, Opponent-Process Theory, and even the neurological basis of emotions. See how well you grasp the intricacies of emotional expression and recognition.
