Psychology Chapter on Emotions and Motivation
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Questions and Answers

What role do emotions play in motivation and attention?

  • Emotions are unrelated to cognitive processing.
  • Emotions help sustain behaviors toward goals. (correct)
  • Emotions only serve to reflect past experiences.
  • Emotions create distractions that hinder focus.

    • How do negative emotions typically affect attention?

  • They broaden attention and enhance memory.
  • They create a sense of euphoria that distracts.
  • They have no effect on attention.
  • They narrow attention, focusing on specific details. (correct)

    • What did Charles Darwin argue about emotions?

  • Emotions have no role in social functions.
  • Emotions are random and not linked to behavior.
  • Emotions evolved as an adaptive response to recurring situations. (correct)
  • Emotions are learned through social interactions only.

    • Which of the following emotions is considered a self-conscious emotion?

    <p>Pride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural differences influence emotional responses?

    <p>Cultural rules determine when and how emotions should be displayed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What internal state is primarily responsible for activating and directing our thoughts and behaviors?

    <p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary motive necessary for survival?

    <p>Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain areas are primarily involved in governing primary motives?

    <p>Midbrain and Hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of motivation refers to the ongoing behavior's intensity and persistence?

    <p>Vigor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'instincts' refer to in the context of motivation?

    <p>Preprogrammed tendencies essential for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is more active during mild unpleasant emotions?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, what happens in response to emotional stimuli?

    <p>Arousal and emotional experience occur concurrently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the James-Lange Theory of emotion, how is an emotion experienced?

    <p>Through autonomic arousal and bodily actions that lead to emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the amygdala play in the emotional response process?

    <p>It helps integrate hormonal and neural aspects of arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive appraisal theories suggest about the experience of emotions?

    <p>Emotions arise from the combination of arousal and cognitive evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is primarily associated with positive emotions?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'peripheralist' refer to in the context of the James-Lange Theory?

    <p>Emotions are the result of bodily reactions and autonomic arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that emotional experiences and physiological reactions are relatively independent?

    <p>Cannon-Bard Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which orientation focuses on personal mastery and improvement in achievement motivation?

    <p>Mastery Orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high need for achievement indicate about task selection?

    <p>They prefer tasks of intermediate difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which goal is characterized by a desire to avoid learning too little?

    <p>Mastery Avoidance Goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the term 'Affect' relate to?

    <p>Observable behaviors associated with emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a 'Performance Approach Goal'?

    <p>Motivated to outperform others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are emotions generally characterized?

    <p>As complex patterns of change including physiological arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional term refers to a sustained emotional state that influences perception?

    <p>Mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Need for Efficiency' imply about task performance?

    <p>Achieving maximum results with minimal effort is preferred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do internal drives play according to Clark Hull's Drive Theory?

    <p>They arise in response to physiological needs and motivate behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the perceived likelihood that efforts will lead to a certain level of performance?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which type of needs must be satisfied first?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Self-Determination Theory?

    <p>The desire for choice in decision-making processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the strength of the Need for Achievement according to Henry Murray?

    <p>Individual differences among people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Expectancy Theory, what does Instrumentality refer to?

    <p>The belief that specific actions will lead to desired outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of motives that are not directly related to biological survival?

    <p>Some are psychological while others are innate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of motivation according to Hull's theory?

    <p>To reduce tension caused by disrupted homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of inhibited temperament in infants?

    <p>Shyness and withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of imprinting as related to attachment?

    <p>Forming a relationship with the first moving object seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test primarily measure?

    <p>Attachment style in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high demandingness but low responsiveness?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

    <p>Understanding moral dilemmas and justifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment style is exhibited by approximately 20% of children according to Ainsworth's classification?

    <p>Insecure-avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ‘secure attachment’ likely to affect a child’s relationships in later life?

    <p>It fosters healthy relationships and emotional resilience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the internal working model refer to in the context of attachment?

    <p>A mental representation of relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does developmental psychology focus on?

    <p>Physical and psychological changes through life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stage theories of development?

    <p>Focusing on abrupt changes at specific phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design involves repeated observation of the same participants over time?

    <p>Longitudinal design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are normative investigations primarily focused on?

    <p>Identifying specific characteristics of a developmental stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of cross-sectional design?

    <p>It is less expensive and quicker to conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sequential design incorporate?

    <p>Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is a disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

    <p>They involve lengthy data collection processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of development, what do gains and losses refer to?

    <p>A balance of positive and negative changes occurred over a lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves modifying new environmental information to fit existing knowledge?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is achieved in the concrete operations stage?

    <p>Conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget suggest about the relationship between knowledge and perception?

    <p>What we see changes what we know</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>Lev Vygotsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cognitive development did Renée Baillargeon challenge in Piaget's theories?

    <p>Object permanence timeline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically, commonly found in the formal operations stage?

    <p>Hypothetical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's psychosocial stages, what does each stage represent?

    <p>Crises or conflicts to resolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of socialization in human development?

    <p>Conforming to societal norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conflict during the Oral-Sensory stage of development?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is likely if an infant does not form a trusting relationship with their caregiver?

    <p>More aggressive interactions with caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the important event associated with the Muscular-Anal stage?

    <p>Toilet Training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can parental behavior influence a child's development of autonomy in the Muscular-Anal stage?

    <p>By being responsive without excessive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a key element for achieving a positive outcome in the Oral-Sensory stage?

    <p>Parental consistency and responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feeling might a child experience if they are not allowed to learn self-control during the Muscular-Anal stage?

    <p>Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a negative outcome of a lack of trust developed during infancy?

    <p>Reduced competence and sympathy with peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main ability is developed during the Muscular-Anal stage as children begin to engage in self-care?

    <p>Self-control and confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for true intimacy in a relationship?

    <p>Openness and commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements can lead to a negative outcome in young adulthood?

    <p>Fearing committed relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of generativity in middle adulthood?

    <p>Parenting and caring for children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Erikson suggest is essential for achieving integrity in late adulthood?

    <p>Reflecting on one's life positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to stagnation during middle adulthood?

    <p>Avoiding future-oriented concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element that contributes to a positive outcome in the industry vs. inferiority stage?

    <p>Discovering pleasure in being productive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to a young adult feeling isolated?

    <p>Not resolving intimacy conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome can result from an adolescent's inability to make deliberate decisions?

    <p>Role confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the struggle for generativity in adulthood?

    <p>Creating a legacy for future generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In late adulthood, what is the primary event that signifies the conflict of integrity vs. despair?

    <p>Reflecting on one’s past</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the intimacy vs. isolation conflict occur?

    <p>19-40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for adolescents to build a strong identity?

    <p>Conscious search for identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to feelings of inferiority in the industry vs. inferiority stage?

    <p>Difficulty transitioning between home and peer environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does failing to develop a sense of identity affect relationships in young adulthood?

    <p>Creates fear of committed relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peer relationships play during adolescence?

    <p>They are crucial for developing self-trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does intimacy truly signify in the context of relationships during young adulthood?

    <p>A deep personal connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conflict faced by children during early childhood from ages 2 to 6?

    <p>Initiative vs. Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative outcome may result if parents do not reinforce a child's independent efforts?

    <p>The child may feel a strong sense of guilt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do adults play in a child's development during the initiative vs. guilt stage?

    <p>Adults should confirm a child's initiatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one critical event that characterizes the latency stage in child development?

    <p>Attendance at school.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can negative experiences during the initiative vs. guilt stage affect a child's development?

    <p>They may continuously seek adult approval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common activity that signifies a child's initiative during early childhood?

    <p>Pretend play and role-playing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personal development is emphasized during the latency stage?

    <p>The relationship between perseverance and job completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might result from a child feeling overly guilty for their initiatives during the initiative vs. guilt stage?

    <p>They may develop fear of taking initiative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes significantly to the higher rate of depression in women compared to men?

    <p>Greater likelihood of negative experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

    <p>Long history of unexplained physical complaints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding suicide rates among genders?

    <p>Men are more likely to commit suicide despite fewer attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological style contributes to feelings of hopelessness in individuals with depression?

    <p>Internal-global-explanatory style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a preoccupation and belief in having a serious illness despite reassurance?

    <p>Anxiety Illness Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disorder is characterized by a loss of motor or sensory functioning without a physical explanation?

    <p>Conversion disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes dissociative fugue?

    <p>Wandering away with loss of memory and identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to be affected by schizophrenia?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Severe emotional instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of dissociative amnesia?

    <p>Forgetting of key personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is marked by two or more distinct identities within an individual?

    <p>Dissociative identity disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Reduced enjoyment in activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How common are mental disorders among Canadians?

    <p>1 in 5 Canadians suffer from a mental disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the continuity hypothesis assert regarding mental disorders?

    <p>Mental disorders are a continuum varying between mental health and illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms is generally considered a psychiatric disorder?

    <p>Believing oneself to be Jesus Christ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for making judgments about mental health?

    <p>Objectivity and consideration of content and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from people being improperly labeled as 'abnormal'?

    <p>Misinterpretation of normal behavior as abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures the view of Thomas Szasz on mental illness?

    <p>Mental illness is a scientifically unserviceable concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors indicates a potential mental disorder?

    <p>A woman refusing to eat for several days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals may have their mental disorders under-reported?

    <p>Up to 46.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive, irrational fear of specific objects or situations?

    <p>Phobias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most closely associated with Panic Disorder?

    <p>Unexpected, severe panic attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Feelings of anxiety most of the time with cognitive and physical impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological theory suggests anxiety may stem from underlying psychic conflicts?

    <p>Psychodynamic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

    <p>Ritualistic behavior in response to intrusive thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is linked to lower levels associated with depression?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder involves re-experiencing traumatic events through flashbacks or nightmares?

    <p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of mood disorders, what is a manic episode primarily characterized by?

    <p>Feelings of euphoria and elevated mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive concept explains a negative view of oneself and the future contributing to mood disorders?

    <p>Cognitive triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model explains the interaction between an individual's vulnerability and environmental stressors in the development of psychological disorders?

    <p>Vulnerability-Stress/Diathesis Stress Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes maladaptive behavior in psychological disorders?

    <p>Behavior that leads to personal distress or hinders daily functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts reflects the historical view of mental illnesses as a consequence of supernatural forces?

    <p>Demonological view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of psychological diagnosis?

    <p>To classify and categorize observed behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment model did Emil Kraepelin contribute significantly to?

    <p>Biological classifications of disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change was introduced in DSM-5 compared to previous versions?

    <p>Introduction of dimensional assessments to include severity ratings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that psychological disorders stem from unconscious conflicts?

    <p>Psychodynamic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes comorbidity?

    <p>The occurrence of two or more disorders simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of psychological disorders, which aspect does 'irrationality' typically refer to?

    <p>Thoughts or behaviors that do not make sense to others, such as hearing voices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach focuses on structural abnormalities and biochemical processes as causes of disorders?

    <p>Biological approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychotherapies?

    <p>Changing learned faulty behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the primary goals of therapy?

    <p>Prescribing medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In therapeutic contexts, how are individuals with psychological problems often classified?

    <p>As clients or patients depending on the approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for effective therapy?

    <p>The therapeutic alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the ethical consideration in the therapist-client relationship?

    <p>Therapists must evaluate the effectiveness of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of therapist is typically trained to prescribe medications?

    <p>Psychiatrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>Emphasis on unconscious processes and past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the role of therapists in the context of ethical standards?

    <p>Therapists must avoid conflicts of interest and prioritize client's best interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves confronting anxiety-causing situations in a controlled manner?

    <p>Systematic desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach uses strong noxious stimuli to condition aversion to harmful behaviors?

    <p>Aversion therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves maintaining the absence of positive reinforcement to decrease unwanted behavior?

    <p>Extinction strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive therapy as developed by Beck?

    <p>Challenging and reshaping thought patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is used in rational-emotive therapy to understand the connection between behavior and emotional responses?

    <p>ABC Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systematic desensitization primarily involve aside from imagined exposure?

    <p>Rating stimuli and progressive relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes flooding from other exposure therapies?

    <p>It involves intensive exposure to phobic situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques uses consequences to modify behavior?

    <p>Contingency management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>To establish intrapsychic harmony and gain insight into problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dream analysis, what do 'manifest' and 'latent' content refer to?

    <p>The explicit and hidden meanings of dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'catharsis' refer to in psychodynamic therapies?

    <p>The release of repressed emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'transference' in the context of psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>The client projecting feelings towards the therapist from past relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behavior therapy?

    <p>To change observable behaviors through learning processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'counterconditioning' in the context of behavior therapies?

    <p>Replacing an unwanted response with a desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common element of both psychodynamic and behavior therapies?

    <p>The use of a structured methodology to facilitate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of resistance in psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>To prevent clients from gaining insight into their issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motivation & Emotion

    • Motivation is an internal state activating thoughts and directing them.
    • Trying to understand the 'why' behind actions is challenging.
    • Every individual is motivated, but not in the same way, at the same time, or with the same people.
    • Motivation varies within and across individuals.
    • The root of motivation is Latin movere, meaning "to move".
    • Motivation is the broad term for processes starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities.
    • No one theory fully explains motivation.
    • Motivation is involved in intensity, persistence, quality (direction), and the direction of ongoing behaviour.
    • Motivation is affected by biological (internal physiological) and internal/external cues.

    Primary Motives

    • Primary motives are necessary for survival and growth.
    • Examples include food, water, warmth, shelter, and love.
    • These motives are governed by the midbrain and hindbrain.
    • The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis.
    • Homeostasis examples are thirst, sleep, body temperature, hunger, and emotions.

    Motivation - Instincts

    • Instincts are pre-programmed tendencies from a species' survival, helping them behave in a specific manner.
    • Examples include biological and social instincts which are purposive.
    • Reinforcement and learning (operant conditioning) play a role.

    Clark Hull's Drive Theory

    • Most important behaviours are motivated by internal drives, arising from physiological needs.
    • Organisms strive to maintain homeostasis (equilibrium), a consistent physiological state in response to the environment.
    • Drives (tension) are aroused when homeostasis is disrupted, pushing towards tension reduction. This is often related to having a set point.
    • Behaviour is also motivated by incentives (external stimuli and rewards) unrelated to biological needs.

    Motives

    • Motives are unrelated to biological survival.
    • Some psychological motives are inherent, while others are learned.

    Expectancy Theory

    • Behaviour is influenced by the strength of the expectation that a behaviour will lead to a goal.
    • Behaviour is also influenced by the incentive value of achieving the goal.
    • Motivation is a product of expectancy and incentive value.
    • Expectancy is the perceived likelihood efforts result in performance levels.
    • Instrumentality is the perception that performance will lead to outcomes like rewards.
    • Valence is the perceived desirability of particular outcomes or rewards.

    Psychodynamic Theory

    • Unconscious motives influence behaviour.
    • Freud emphasized sexual and aggressive motives.
    • Many modern theorists emphasize motives for self-esteem and belonging.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Human needs are organized, from basic to advanced.
    • Lower needs must be met before the higher ones can operate.
    • Hierarchy starts with physiological needs (food and thirst), then moves to safety needs (wanting security), belonging needs then esteem needs (recognition, achievement, competence) and finally self-actualization (realising one's potential).

    Self-Determination Theory

    • When deciding what to do, how to do it, and when to stop, people desire a sense of choice.
    • Three fundamental psychological needs are:
      • Competence: The need to master challenges.
      • Autonomy: Action is the result of free choice.
      • Relatedness: The need to form meaningful bonds.

    Achievement Motivation

    • The need for achievement involves accomplishing tasks and excelling.
    • Henry Murray (1938) noted that the strength of achievement needs differs between people.
    • Achievement motivation influences what tasks are undertaken and evaluations of performance.
    • Achievement motivation is measurable by the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

    Motivation/Achievement Goal Theory

    • Defines 'success' and 'failure' according to individuals.
    • People are motivated to succeed because of a motive for success or fear of failure.
    • Achievement motivation also depends on the desire for accomplishment and excellence.
    • Stable personality characteristics and individual differences also influence achievement motivation.

    Goals

    • How is success defined?
      • Mastery orientation focuses on personal mastery and improvement.
      • Performance orientation focuses on outperforming others.
    • Types of goals:
      • Mastery approach: motivated to learn as much as possible about a subject.
      • Performance approach: motivated to outperform others in class.
      • Master avoidance: avoiding learning too little in class.
      • Performance avoidance: avoiding doing poorly in class.

    Motivation - Fear of Failure

    • Individuals with high fear of failure and performance avoidance goals have impaired performance.
    • Their desire to avoid negative judgments conflicts with performance-approach goals (wanting to be judged favorably compared to others).

    Conflict

    • Types of conflict:
      • Approach-approach conflict: choosing between two desirable goals (e.g., two equally attractive restaurants).
        • Desirability significantly increases as the goal is approached.
      • Avoidance-avoidance conflict: choosing between two undesirable goals.
      • Approach-avoidance conflict: a goal with both attractive and unattractive aspects. (e.g., wanting a promotion that requires a big move). This type of conflict is challenging to resolve.
      • Defensive avoidance: Procrastination and avoidance of decisions.

    Emotions

    • Emotions are complex patterns of bodily and mental changes, including physiological arousal, cognitive processes, and visible expressions.
    • Associated with specific behavioural reactions to a situation.
    • The different types are; emotion, feeling, affect, and mood.

    Emotions & Moods

    • Emotions are short-duration, episodic (happen rapidly) and strong. Interrupts thought and behavior.
    • Moods have longer duration, are gradual onset and continuous with weak intensity. Influence thought and behavior.

    Features of Emotions

    • Emotions are responses to stimuli.
    • They result from cognitive appraisals of stimuli.
    • Bodies respond physiologically to stimuli.
    • Emotions include behavioral tendencies.
    • Motivation and attention
      • Emotions motivate action and help sustain behaviours towards goals.
      • Emotions accompany motives, focusing attention, which can improve memory.
    • Social functions
      • Regulate social interactions (like bonding or keeping distance).
    • Emotional effects on cognitive functioning
      • Negative emotions narrow attention.
      • Positive emotions broaden attention.

    Basic Emotions

    • Emotions evolved as a part of human behavior to deal with recurring situations.
    • Approach and avoidance are appropriate for specific. stimuli. This are called instrumental behaviors.
    • Basic Emotions develop during the first 9 months.
    • Certain stimuli cause physiological and behavioral results. These can help infants escape life-threatening situations.
    • Cultural similarities and differences in emotions are prevalent.

    Expressive Behaviours

    • Observable emotional displays
    • Can evoke empathy

    Cognitive Appraisals

    • Involve interpretations and meanings attached to stimuli.
    • Different appraisals can lead to different reactions.
    • Cultures share similarities in appraisals of fundamental emotions, but cultural differences exist for other emotions. Self-concious emotions (like shame) develop after birth.
    • Cognitive appraisals are important parts of every emotional experience.

    Culture & Role in Emotion

    • Fundamental emotional patterns are similar across cultures (e.g., happiness, sadness etc.)
    • Some facial expressions are unique to cultures.
    • Display rules and social rules on what type of emotions should be displayed differ across cultures. Social appropriateness depends on context.

    Physiological Component

    • Physiological components of emotion are involved in responding to emotions.
    • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
      • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both play a role in responding to different types of emotional situations.
    • Cerebral cortex
      • Provides association, memories, meaning to emotional experiences.
      • Left hemisphere deals with approach-related emotions.
      • Right hemisphere deals with withdrawal-related emotions.
    • Hypothalamus & Limbic system (Amygdala)
      • Amygdala is associated with fear, anger, and aggression.
      • The thalamus and the cerebral cortex send messages to the amygdale.
      • There's an integration of hormonal and neural aspects of arousal.

    Theories of Emotion

    • James-Lange Theory: Arousal -> Emotion
      • Perceiving a stimulus causes autonomic arousal and bodily actions leading to emotion experience
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Arousal & Emotion
      • Emotional stimuli produce both arousal and the experience of emotion concurrently).
    • Cognitive Appraisal Theories: Arousal, Appraisals, and Emotion
      • Emotions involve both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
      • Stanley Schacter proposed that arousal is undifferentiated, and we identify the emotion based on our appraisal.
      • Richard Lazarus emphasized automatic environment appraisals influencing emotional responses.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between emotions, motivation, and attention in this psychology quiz. Gain insights into how emotions can influence our thoughts and behaviors, as well as cultural impacts on emotional responses. Test your understanding of key concepts and theories, including those proposed by Charles Darwin.

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