Psychology Chapter on Emotions
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Questions and Answers

Which theory posits that emotions and arousal occur simultaneously?

  • Cognitive Appraisal Theory
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Model
  • Cannon-Bard Theory (correct)

What is described as a driving force that initiates and directs behavior?

  • Desire
  • Motivation (correct)
  • Affect
  • Emotion

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic emotion?

  • Happiness
  • Excitement (correct)
  • Fear
  • Anger

In Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model, what two elements combine to create emotion?

<p>Arousal and cognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus play in the experience of emotion?

<p>It acts as a major gatekeeper. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary emotions are particularly characterized by which component?

<p>A major cognitive component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

<p>Physiological arousal triggers emotional experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily defined as?

<p>The belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling hunger?

<p>Orexin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does optimism influence an individual's stress response?

<p>It leads to increased resilience against stressors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that personal income does not correlate with happiness?

<p>Financial wealth does not provide lasting emotional satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Distorted body image and obsessive fear of weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion suggest is necessary to experience emotion?

<p>Arousal and cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to incorrectly label the source of arousal?

<p>Misattribution of arousal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of nonverbal communication?

<p>Writing a letter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological syndrome may occur as a response to extreme negative stressors?

<p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is NOT part of the general adaptation syndrome in response to long-term stress?

<p>Recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative health consequence of prolonged stress?

<p>Symptoms of anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would NOT typically be successful in coping with stress?

<p>Avoidance behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body typically respond when faced with emotional or physical threats?

<p>With physiological responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Nightmares (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the general alarm reaction stage of stress?

<p>Hormones like cortisol are released into the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the resistance stage, how does the body attempt to cope with ongoing stress?

<p>By increasing blood pressure and sustaining glucose levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of prolonged stress during the exhaustion stage?

<p>Failure of the body’s organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily associated with the body's response to stress?

<p>Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men are more likely than women to respond to stress through which mechanism?

<p>Activation of the fight-or-flight response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stress Scale developed by Rahe and colleagues allow individuals to determine?

<p>Their likelihood of experiencing illness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the exhaustion stage, what happens to blood sugar levels?

<p>They decrease, leading to lower stress tolerance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the HPA axis in stress response?

<p>It activates hormonal secretion during stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a consequence of the exhaustion stage?

<p>Increased stress tolerance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cortisol play during stress?

<p>It helps prepare the body for fight-or-flight reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tend-and-befriend response typically associated with?

<p>Creating social networks for protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does emotion regulation refer to?

<p>Successfully controlling emotional responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'power of positive thinking'?

<p>Thinking positively to help meet goals and improve health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of thinking positively about the future?

<p>It can lead to better health and coping mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is noted as being more likely to engage in the tend-and-befriend response?

<p>Women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases happiness according to the content?

<p>Believing in one's ability to control outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about emotion regulation?

<p>It means never feeling negative emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might someone with effective emotion regulation respond to stress?

<p>By using stress as an opportunity for growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to changing coping mechanisms?

<p>Reflecting on past stress experiences to improve future responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to happiness?

<p>Doubts about one's ability to succeed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Affect

A mental and physiological state that directs our attention and guides our behavior.

Basic Emotions

Basic emotions like anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. They are innate and universal.

Secondary Emotions

Emotions like love, guilt, shame, and pride. They develop over time and involve cognitive appraisal.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that proposes emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.

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James-Lange Theory

The theory that proposes emotions are the result of physiological arousal.

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

The theory that proposes arousal and cognition combine to create emotions. The intensity of the arousal determines the level of emotion, while the cognitive appraisal determines the specific emotion.

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Fast and Slow Pathways for Emotional Processing

The theory that states there are two pathways for processing emotions: a fast pathway that processes threat information quickly and a slower pathway that analyzes the context of the threat.

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Misattribution of Arousal

The tendency to misinterpret the source of our arousal, attributing it to the wrong cause.

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Stress

A state of physiological and psychological response to perceived threats or stressors.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A medical syndrome characterized by anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares, and social withdrawal, often triggered by traumatic events.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The three phases of physiological response to prolonged stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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Alarm Phase

The phase in the GAS where the body first recognizes and reacts to a stressor, releasing hormones like adrenaline.

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Resistance Phase

The phase in the GAS where the body adapts to the stressor, but resources are being depleted.

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Exhaustion Phase

The phase in the GAS where the body's resources are depleted, leading to burnout and potential health issues.

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Nonverbal Communication

The study of how people communicate nonverbally through gestures, facial expressions, body language, and vocal tone.

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Stress Coping Methods

Strategies and techniques used to manage stress, aiming to reduce its negative impact on well-being.

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General Alarm Reaction

The initial response to stress, triggering the release of hormones like cortisol, preparing the body for action.

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Resistance Stage

The body's attempt to adapt and maintain normal function while facing prolonged stress. It involves increased glucose levels and blood pressure.

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Exhaustion Stage

Characterized by depletion of energy reserves, weakened immunity, and increased susceptibility to illness. Leads to mental and physical exhaustion.

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HPA Axis

A system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, regulating hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.

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Cortisol

A hormone released during stress, raising blood sugar levels and increasing energy.

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Epinephrine

A hormone released during stress, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

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Norepinephrine

A hormone released during stress, similar to adrenaline, also elevating heart rate and blood pressure.

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Fight-or-Flight Response

A common way men respond to stress, characterized by increased alertness and readiness for action.

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Stress Scale

A numerical scale to assess life events and their potential for causing stress. Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of illness.

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Optimism

A general tendency to expect positive outcomes.

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Self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to successfully execute actions to achieve desired outcomes.

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Hardiness

Tendency to be less affected by life's stressors. This trait is linked to both optimism and self-efficacy.

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Appetite Hormones

Hormones that regulate hunger and eating behavior, including insulin, leptin, orexin, and ghrelin.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an extremely low body weight, distorted body image, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight.

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Tend-and-Befriend

A behavioral response to stress that involves creating social connections for support and protection.

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Emotion Regulation

The ability to manage and control emotions effectively.

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Power of Positive Thinking

The belief that thinking positively can lead to better outcomes, health, and happiness.

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Positive Emotions

The ability to experience positive emotions like joy, gratitude, hope, and love.

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Happiness Factors

Factors that contribute to happiness, such as strong relationships, meaning in life, and personal growth.

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Stress Response

The ability to effectively cope with stressful events and maintain a positive outlook.

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Stress Management Techniques

Strategies for managing and reducing stress, such as exercise, relaxation techniques, and social support.

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Emotional Control

The ability to control and regulate one's emotions in a healthy way.

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Emotions and Health

The impact of emotions on physical and mental health, including the ability to cope with stress.

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Study Notes

Emotions and Motivations

  • Emotions are mental and physiological states that direct attention and guide behavior. They influence our actions and have an adaptive role or can be destructive.
  • Motivations are driving forces that initiate and direct behavior. They can be biological (food, water, and sex) or personal/social (social approval, acceptance, achievement, risk-taking).
  • Affect is the experience of feeling or emotion.

The Experience of Emotion

  • Learning objectives include explaining the biological experience of emotion, summarizing psychological theories of emotion, and giving examples of how emotion is communicated.
  • Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Secondary Emotions

  • Secondary emotions have a major cognitive component.
  • They are determined by both arousal level (low to high) and valence (pleasant to unpleasant).

Emotions & Brain Pathways

  • The thalamus acts as a major gatekeeper in the process of emotion.
  • A fast pathway and a slow pathway exist.

Theories of Emotion

  • Cannon-Bard theory suggests emotions and arousal occur at the same time.
  • James-Lange theory proposes that emotion results from arousal.
  • Schachter-Singer's two-factor model suggests arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.
  • The two-factor theory states that the intensity of arousal determines the emotion, while cognitive appraisal determines the specific emotion. Misattribution of arousal is when people incorrectly label the source of arousal.

Communicating Emotion

  • Nonverbal communication includes tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions.
  • There is no universal nonverbal language. Various examples of nonverbal cues and their potential meanings are provided.

Exercises and Critical Thinking

  • Students are asked to consider several theories, provide examples, and describe their own experiences with emotions and stress.

Stress: The Unseen Killer

  • Stress is the physiological response when an organism fails to respond appropriately to threats. Extreme stress can include PTSD.
  • Learning objectives include defining stress and reviewing the body's physiological responses, summarizing negative health consequences of prolonged stress, explaining differences in how people respond, and reviewing stress-coping methods.
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involves three stages: alarm (mobilize resources), resistance (coping with stressor), and exhaustion (reserves depleted). Exhaustion includes lowered stress tolerance, illness, and possible death.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated by stress, leading to cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine release.

Responses to Stress

  • Men are more likely to respond to stress with a fight-or-flight response.
  • Women are more likely to engage in tend-and-befriend behaviors.

How to Manage Stress Effectively?

  • Suppressing or facing stressful situations, and interpreting them accurately can help to manage stress.

Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness

  • Learning objectives include understanding the role of positive emotions in responding to stress and factors affecting happiness.
  • Positive thinking, optimism, self-efficacy, and hardiness are considered key elements for responding to stress.
  • Positive social relationships and the perception of social support contribute to happiness.

Income and Happiness

  • Although personal income increases, happiness does not necessarily follow the same pattern.

Eating and Mating

  • Eating behavior is influenced by biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.
  • Appetite hormones (insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin) influence eating.
  • Sex is a fundamental human motivation. Stages of sexual response (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution) are discussed.
  • Sexual orientation, including heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual orientation, is variable.

Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity are characterized by different features related to body weight, disordered eating, and perception.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the theories of emotion, including the James-Lange and Schachter and Singer models. Explore key concepts such as self-efficacy, basic emotions, and the role of hormones in behavior. This quiz covers important aspects of emotional psychology and its impact on human behavior.

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