Psychology Chapter on Emotions

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Questions and Answers

Which theory posits that emotions and arousal occur simultaneously?

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

James-Lange Theory

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Model

Cannon-Bard Theory (correct)

What is described as a driving force that initiates and directs behavior?

Desire

Motivation (correct)

Affect

Emotion

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic emotion?

Happiness

Excitement (correct)

Fear

Anger

In Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model, what two elements combine to create emotion?

Arousal and cognition Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus play in the experience of emotion?

It acts as a major gatekeeper. Signup and view all the answers

Secondary emotions are particularly characterized by which component?

A major cognitive component Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Physiological arousal triggers emotional experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy primarily defined as?

The belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling hunger?

Orexin Signup and view all the answers

How does optimism influence an individual's stress response?

It leads to increased resilience against stressors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that personal income does not correlate with happiness?

Financial wealth does not provide lasting emotional satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by which of the following?

Distorted body image and obsessive fear of weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion suggest is necessary to experience emotion?

Arousal and cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to incorrectly label the source of arousal?

Misattribution of arousal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of nonverbal communication?

Writing a letter Signup and view all the answers

What physiological syndrome may occur as a response to extreme negative stressors?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is NOT part of the general adaptation syndrome in response to long-term stress?

Recovery Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative health consequence of prolonged stress?

Symptoms of anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which method would NOT typically be successful in coping with stress?

Avoidance behaviors Signup and view all the answers

How does the body typically respond when faced with emotional or physical threats?

With physiological responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Nightmares Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the general alarm reaction stage of stress?

Hormones like cortisol are released into the body. Signup and view all the answers

In the resistance stage, how does the body attempt to cope with ongoing stress?

By increasing blood pressure and sustaining glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of prolonged stress during the exhaustion stage?

Failure of the body’s organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily associated with the body's response to stress?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. Signup and view all the answers

Men are more likely than women to respond to stress through which mechanism?

Activation of the fight-or-flight response. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stress Scale developed by Rahe and colleagues allow individuals to determine?

Their likelihood of experiencing illness. Signup and view all the answers

During the exhaustion stage, what happens to blood sugar levels?

They decrease, leading to lower stress tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the HPA axis in stress response?

It activates hormonal secretion during stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a consequence of the exhaustion stage?

Increased stress tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

What role does cortisol play during stress?

It helps prepare the body for fight-or-flight reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tend-and-befriend response typically associated with?

Creating social networks for protection. Signup and view all the answers

What does emotion regulation refer to?

Successfully controlling emotional responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'power of positive thinking'?

Thinking positively to help meet goals and improve health. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of thinking positively about the future?

It can lead to better health and coping mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is noted as being more likely to engage in the tend-and-befriend response?

Women. Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases happiness according to the content?

Believing in one's ability to control outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about emotion regulation?

It means never feeling negative emotions. Signup and view all the answers

How might someone with effective emotion regulation respond to stress?

By using stress as an opportunity for growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to changing coping mechanisms?

Reflecting on past stress experiences to improve future responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to happiness?

Doubts about one's ability to succeed. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions and Motivations

Emotions are mental and physiological states that direct attention and guide behavior. They influence our actions and have an adaptive role or can be destructive.
Motivations are driving forces that initiate and direct behavior. They can be biological (food, water, and sex) or personal/social (social approval, acceptance, achievement, risk-taking).
Affect is the experience of feeling or emotion.

The Experience of Emotion

Learning objectives include explaining the biological experience of emotion, summarizing psychological theories of emotion, and giving examples of how emotion is communicated.
Basic emotions include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Secondary Emotions

Secondary emotions have a major cognitive component.
They are determined by both arousal level (low to high) and valence (pleasant to unpleasant).

Emotions & Brain Pathways

The thalamus acts as a major gatekeeper in the process of emotion.
A fast pathway and a slow pathway exist.

Theories of Emotion

Cannon-Bard theory suggests emotions and arousal occur at the same time.
James-Lange theory proposes that emotion results from arousal.
Schachter-Singer's two-factor model suggests arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.
The two-factor theory states that the intensity of arousal determines the emotion, while cognitive appraisal determines the specific emotion. Misattribution of arousal is when people incorrectly label the source of arousal.

Communicating Emotion

Nonverbal communication includes tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions.
There is no universal nonverbal language. Various examples of nonverbal cues and their potential meanings are provided.

Exercises and Critical Thinking

Students are asked to consider several theories, provide examples, and describe their own experiences with emotions and stress.

Stress: The Unseen Killer

Stress is the physiological response when an organism fails to respond appropriately to threats. Extreme stress can include PTSD.
Learning objectives include defining stress and reviewing the body's physiological responses, summarizing negative health consequences of prolonged stress, explaining differences in how people respond, and reviewing stress-coping methods.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involves three stages: alarm (mobilize resources), resistance (coping with stressor), and exhaustion (reserves depleted). Exhaustion includes lowered stress tolerance, illness, and possible death.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated by stress, leading to cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine release.

Responses to Stress

Men are more likely to respond to stress with a fight-or-flight response.
Women are more likely to engage in tend-and-befriend behaviors.

How to Manage Stress Effectively?

Suppressing or facing stressful situations, and interpreting them accurately can help to manage stress.

Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness

Learning objectives include understanding the role of positive emotions in responding to stress and factors affecting happiness.
Positive thinking, optimism, self-efficacy, and hardiness are considered key elements for responding to stress.
Positive social relationships and the perception of social support contribute to happiness.

Income and Happiness

Although personal income increases, happiness does not necessarily follow the same pattern.

Eating and Mating

Eating behavior is influenced by biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.
Appetite hormones (insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin) influence eating.
Sex is a fundamental human motivation. Stages of sexual response (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution) are discussed.
Sexual orientation, including heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual orientation, is variable.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity are characterized by different features related to body weight, disordered eating, and perception.

Questions?

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Description

Test your knowledge on the theories of emotion, including the James-Lange and Schachter and Singer models. Explore key concepts such as self-efficacy, basic emotions, and the role of hormones in behavior. This quiz covers important aspects of emotional psychology and its impact on human behavior.