Emotions And Motivations PDF

PSY 103 EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS Lejla Mustoo Başer, M.A., PhD Candidate, Clinical Psychologist, Integrative Psychotherapist under supervision  the experience of feeling or emotion Affect emotions...

PSY 103 EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS Lejla Mustoo Başer, M.A., PhD Candidate, Clinical Psychologist, Integrative Psychotherapist under supervision  the experience of feeling or emotion Affect emotions motivations a mental and a driving force physiological feeling state experiences that initiates and that directs our attention directs behavior and guides our behavior biological (food, water, and sex) an adaptive role or destructive personal and social motivations (social approval and acceptance, achievement, motivation to take or to avoid taking, risks) THE EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION Learning objectives Explain the biological experience of emotion. Summarize the psychological theories of emotion. Give examples of the ways that emotion is communicated. Basic emotions are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.  Secondary emotions The secondary emotions are those that have a major cognitive component. They are determined by both their level of arousal (low to high) and their valence (pleasant to unpleasant). Emotions & Brain pathways a fast pathway and a slow pathway the thalamus acts as the major gatekeeper in this process The Cannon-Bard and James-Lange Theories of Emotion  The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time. The James-Lange theory proposes the emotion is the result of arousal. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.  The two-factor theory of emotion asserts that the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. The Two- Factor emotion = arousal + cognition Theory of The tendency for people to Emotion incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing is known as the misattribution of arousal.  Arousal caused by the height of this bridge was misattributed as attraction by the men who were interviewed by an attractive woman as they crossed it.  Communicating Emotion nonverbal communication includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions no universal nonverbal language?  Exercises and Critical Thinking 1. Consider the three 2. Describe a time when theories of emotion that you used nonverbal we have discussed and behaviors to express your provide an example of a emotions or to detect the situation in which a person emotions of others. What might experience each of specific nonverbal the three proposed techniques did you use to patterns of arousal and communicate? emotion. STRESS: THE UNSEEN KILLER Learning objectives Define stress and review the body’s physiological responses to it. Summarize the negative health consequences of prolonged stress. Explain the differences in how people respond to stress. Review the methods that are successful in coping with stress.  Stress refers to the physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats (Selye, 1956). Extreme negative events, such as being the victim of a terrorist attack, a natural disaster, or a violent crime, may produce an extreme form of stress known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a medical syndrome that includes symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares, and social withdrawal. But stress is not unique to the experience of extremely traumatic events. It can also occur, and have a variety of negative outcomes, in our everyday lives.  The Negative Effects of Stress general adaptation syndrome refers to the three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.  Stage one: Hans Seyle’s research on the general General alarm reaction- the first adaptation syndrome documented the stages reaction to stress. The body releases of prolonged exposure to stress. stress hormones, including cortisol. Stage two: Resistance- after a period of chronic stress the body adapts to the ongoing threat and tries to return to its normal functions. Glucose levels increase to sustain energy, and blood pressure increases. Stage three: Exhaustion- in this stage, the body has run out of its reserves of energy and immunity. Blood sugar levels decrease, leading to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness, and collapse. The body’s organs begin to fail, and eventually illness or death occurs. Stress activates the HPA axis. The result is the secretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. Stressors in Our Everyday Lives Stress Scale, Rahe and colleagues (1970) You can calculate your score on this scale by adding the total points across each of the events that you have experienced over the past year. Then use a table below to determine your likelihood of getting ill.  Responses to Stress stress & heart Men are more likely than are women to disease respond to stress by activating the fight- or-flight response, which is an emotional and behavioral reaction to stress that increases the readiness for action. Women are more likely to take a tend- male vs female and-befriend response- a behavioral response marriage tendency reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats. personality characteristics  How to manage stress effectively? The ability to successfully control our emotions is known as emotion regulation.  Exercises and Critical Thinking Consider a time when you experienced stress, Are you good at emotion regulation? Can and how you responded to it. Do you now have you think of a time that your emotions got a better understanding of the dangers of stress? the better of you? How might you make How will you change your coping mechanisms better use of your emotions? based on what you have learned? POSITIVE EMOTIONS: THE POWER OF HAPPINESS Learning objectives Understand the important role of positive emotions and happiness in responding to stress. Understand the factors that increase, and do not increase, happiness.  “power of positive thinking”—the idea that thinking positively helps people meet their goals and keeps them healthy, happy, and able to effectively cope with the negative events that occur to them. It turns out that positive thinking really works. People who think positively about their future, who believe that they can control their outcomes, and who are willing to open up and share with others are healthier people (Seligman, & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).  optimism general tendency to expect positive outcomes positive thinking self-efficacy the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes forms hardiness tendency to be less affected by life’s stressors can be characterized as an individual difference measure that has a relationship to both optimism and self-efficacy Finding Happiness Through Our Connections With Others positive social relationships & perception of social support What Makes Us Happy?  Income and Happiness Although personal income keeps rising, happiness does not. Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. New York, NY: Penguin. Exercises and Critical Thinking Are you a happy person? Can you think of ways to increase your positive emotions? Do you know what will make you happy? Do you believe that material wealth is not as important as you might have thought it would be?  TWO FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN MOTIVATIONS: EATING AND MATING Learning objectives Understand the biological and social responses that underline eating behavior. Understand the psychological and physiological responses that underlie sexual behavior. EATING: HEALTHY CHOICES MAKE HEALTHY LIVES Biological, Psychological, and Social- Cultural Contributors to Eating  Eating Is Influenced by the Appetite Hormones Insulin, secreted by the pancreas, controls blood glucose; leptin, secreted by fat cells, monitors energy levels; orexin, secreted by the hypothalamus, triggers hunger; ghrelin, secreted by an empty stomach, increases food intake.  Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by Eating extremely low body weight, distorted body image, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by Disorders binge eating followed by purging. Obesity is a medical condition in which so much excess body fat has accumulated in the body that it begins to have an adverse impact on health. Eating disorders are in part heritable, are also related psychological causes, including low self-esteem, perfectionism, and the perception that one’s body weight is too high, as well as to cultural norms about body weight and eating. Calculate your body mass index (BMI) https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm Sex: The Most Important Human Behavior  Excitement. The genital areas become engorged with blood. Women’s breasts and nipples may enlarge and the vagina expands and secretes lubricant. The Experience Plateau. Breathing, pulse, and blood pressure increase as orgasm feels of Sex imminent. The penis becomes fully enlarged. Vaginal secretions continue and the clitoris may retract. Masters and Johnson Orgasm. Muscular contractions occur throughout the body, but (1966) found that the particularly in the genitals. The spasmodic ejaculations of sperm are similar sexual response cycle- to the spasmodic contractions of vaginal walls, and the experience of the biological sexual orgasm is similar for men and women. The woman’s orgasm helps position response in humans- the uterus to draw sperm inward (Thornhill & Gangestad, 1995). was very similar in men and women and consisted of four Resolution. After orgasm the body gradually returns to its prearoused stages. state. After one orgasm, men typically experience a refractory period, in which they are incapable of reaching another orgasm for several minutes, hours, or even longer. Women may achieve several orgasms before entering the resolution stage.  The Many Varieties of Sexual Behavior ◦ sexual behavior varies widely ◦ There is also variety in sexual orientation- the direction of our sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex, people of the same sex, or people of both sexes. ◦ The vast majority of human beings have a heterosexual orientation- their sexual desire is focused toward members of the opposite sex. ◦ A smaller minority is primarily homosexual (i.e., they have sexual desire for members of their own sex). Between 3% and 4% of men are gay, and between 1% and 2% of women are lesbian. ◦ Another 1% of the population reports being bisexual (having desires for both sexes).  Exercise and Critical Thinking Consider your own eating and sex patterns. Are they healthy or unhealthy? What can you do to improve them? QUESTIONS?