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Questions and Answers
What is the main premise of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
What is the main premise of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Which of the following best describes the concept of resilience?
Which of the following best describes the concept of resilience?
What does the term 'cognitive dissonance' refer to?
What does the term 'cognitive dissonance' refer to?
Which of the following are considered types of coping strategies?
Which of the following are considered types of coping strategies?
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In social psychology, what is the fundamental attribution error?
In social psychology, what is the fundamental attribution error?
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What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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What characterizes Type A personality?
What characterizes Type A personality?
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Which term relates to the phenomenon where individuals refrain from helping in emergencies when others are present?
Which term relates to the phenomenon where individuals refrain from helping in emergencies when others are present?
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What does the term 'health psychology' focus on?
What does the term 'health psychology' focus on?
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What is the main idea behind positive psychology?
What is the main idea behind positive psychology?
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The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
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Resilience refers to an individual's ability to recover quickly from stress or adversity.
Resilience refers to an individual's ability to recover quickly from stress or adversity.
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The mere exposure effect suggests that people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
The mere exposure effect suggests that people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
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Type B individuals are often characterized by a competitive and aggressive nature.
Type B individuals are often characterized by a competitive and aggressive nature.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses primarily on changing thought patterns to influence emotions and behaviors.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses primarily on changing thought patterns to influence emotions and behaviors.
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The term 'psychoneuroimmunology' studies the relationship between psychological processes and the immune system.
The term 'psychoneuroimmunology' studies the relationship between psychological processes and the immune system.
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Under the concept of learned helplessness, individuals believe they have no control over the outcomes of situations.
Under the concept of learned helplessness, individuals believe they have no control over the outcomes of situations.
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The bystander effect describes the phenomenon where an individual is more likely to help when they are part of a larger group.
The bystander effect describes the phenomenon where an individual is more likely to help when they are part of a larger group.
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Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by high levels of empathy and concern for others.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by high levels of empathy and concern for others.
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Adaptive-level phenomenon refers to our tendency to judge our experiences relative to a neutral level.
Adaptive-level phenomenon refers to our tendency to judge our experiences relative to a neutral level.
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According to the James-Lange theory, emotions are the result of physiological ______.
According to the James-Lange theory, emotions are the result of physiological ______.
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The positive psychology movement emphasizes the study of ______ as a key component of well-being.
The positive psychology movement emphasizes the study of ______ as a key component of well-being.
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The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to underestimate the impact of ______ factors on behavior.
The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to underestimate the impact of ______ factors on behavior.
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The term ______ is used to describe the psychological impact of stress on the immune system.
The term ______ is used to describe the psychological impact of stress on the immune system.
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In the context of coping strategies, ______-focused coping aims to address the problem directly.
In the context of coping strategies, ______-focused coping aims to address the problem directly.
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The ______ effect describes how people's behavior is influenced by the presence of others.
The ______ effect describes how people's behavior is influenced by the presence of others.
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The ______ complex is a psychoanalytic concept that involves a child's competing feelings towards their parents.
The ______ complex is a psychoanalytic concept that involves a child's competing feelings towards their parents.
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The concept of ______ refers to a shared understanding of morality within a group.
The concept of ______ refers to a shared understanding of morality within a group.
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The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated ______ to something increases our liking for it.
The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated ______ to something increases our liking for it.
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______ therapy aims to change the way a client thinks in order to improve emotional responses.
______ therapy aims to change the way a client thinks in order to improve emotional responses.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
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Match the following theories with their descriptions:
Match the following theories with their descriptions:
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Match the following coping strategies with their definitions:
Match the following coping strategies with their definitions:
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Match the following psychological disorders with their characteristics:
Match the following psychological disorders with their characteristics:
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Match the following sociological concepts with their definitions:
Match the following sociological concepts with their definitions:
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Match the following personality theories with their principles:
Match the following personality theories with their principles:
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Match the following definitions with their corresponding psychological terms:
Match the following definitions with their corresponding psychological terms:
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Match the following methods of therapy with their goals:
Match the following methods of therapy with their goals:
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Match the following concepts of psychological resilience with their explanations:
Match the following concepts of psychological resilience with their explanations:
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Study Notes
Chapter 12: Emotion and Motivation
- Emotion: A complex state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
- James-Lange Theory: Emotional experience is a result of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.
- Two-Factor Theory: Emotions are based on physiological arousal plus a cognitive label.
- Polygraph: A device that measures physiological responses (like heart rate and respiration) to detect deception.
- Facial Feedback Effect: Facial expressions can influence emotional experience.
- Behavior Feedback Effect: Bodily expressions influences emotional experience.
- Happiness: A subjective state of well-being and contentment.
- Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon: Positive mood influences helping behavior.
- Positive Psychology: The study of human strengths and well-being.
- Subjective Well-being: A self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life.
- Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Our tendency to adapt to a situation and return to a baseline/normal level of happiness.
- Relative Deprivation: Experiencing feelings of happiness based on how well off you are compared to others.
- Resilience: The ability to adapt to stress/trauma and bounce back from adversity.
- Stress: A process of appraising and responding to events that challenge/threaten or exceed one's resources.
- Approach and Avoidance Motives: Motives that direct us toward desired goals and away from undesirable ones.
- Fight-or-Flight Response: A physiological response to perceived threat or danger.
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The body's three-stage physiological response to stress.
- Tend-and-Befriend Response: A response to stress that involves nurturing others, seeking support, and bonding socially.
- Health Psychology: The study of how psychological factors influence physical health and illness.
- Psychoneuroimmunology: The study of the connection between the mind, brain, and immune system.
- Coronary Heart Disease: A cardiovascular disease that involves the narrowing of the coronary arteries.
- Type A: A personality type associated with competitiveness, hostility, and impatience, potentially leading to health problems.
- Type B: A personality type associated with a relaxed disposition, and potentially leading to a decreased risk for coronary heart disease.
- Coping: Managing stress.
- Problem-Focused Coping: Coping strategies aimed at directly changing/managing the source of stress.
- Emotion-Focused Coping: Strategies aimed at reducing the emotional response to stress.
- Personal Control: The sense of control over one's life & environment.
- Learned Helplessness: The feeling of powerlessness/having no control.
- External Locus of Control: Believing that things happen because of chance or external factors.
- Internal Locus of Control: Believing that one is in control of one's life.
- Self-Control: The ability to control one's own impulses and behaviors.
- Emotion Regulation: Managing and modifying one's emotional responses.
- Aerobic Exercise: Physical activity that increases heart rate and breathing rate.
- Mindfulness Meditation: Focusing on present moment thoughts and emotions.
Chapter 13: Social Psychology
- Social Psychology: The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
- Attribution Theory: The process of explaining one's own behaviors and the behaviors of others.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Our tendency to overemphasize dispositional (personality-based) explanations for behaviors of others while underemphasizing situational factors.
- Attitude: A lasting positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of a person, object, or idea.
- Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply with larger requests later.
- Role: Set of norms/expectations that define how to behave in a particular social position.
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
- Peripheral Route Persuasion: Influencing attitudes by using superficial cues that do not involve careful consideration.
- Central Route Persuasion: Influencing attitudes by appealing to logic and reason.
- Norms: Rules for accepted and expected behavior.
- Conformity: Adjusting one's behavior to coincide with a group standard.
- Normative Social Influence: Conformity due to a desire to gain approval/avoid disapproval.
- Informational Social Influence: Conformity due to willingness to accept others' opinions as new information.
- Social Facilitation: Improved performance when others are present.
- Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal than when individually accountable.
- Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
- Group Polarization: The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
- Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Chapter 13: Continued (Prejudice, Aggression, Love, etc.)
- Prejudice: A negative attitude toward a social group or its members.
- Stereotype: A generalized belief about a group of people.
- Discrimination: Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward members of a group.
- Implicit Bias: Attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.
- Just-World Phenomenon: The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve.
- Ingroup: The group that an individual identifies with.
- Outgroup: The group that an individual does not identify with.
- Ingroup Bias: Favoring one's own group.
- Scapegoat Theory: Blaming an outgroup for one's problems.
- Other-Race Effect: The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.
- Aggression: Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
- Frustration-Aggression Principle: The principle that frustration creates anger, which can lead to aggression.
- Social Script: Our "mental file" of how to act in a particular social situation (e.g., a romantic date).
- Mere Exposure Effect: The phenomenon that repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking of them.
- Passionate Love: An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another.
- Companionate Love: The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
- Equity: A condition in relationships where the parties feel that the rewards and costs in the relationship are proportionate to eachother's contributions.
- Self-Disclosure: Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
- Altruism: Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
- Diffusion of Responsibility: The tendency to assume that someone else will take responsibility for an action.
- Bystander Effect: The more people who are present during an emergency, the less likely each individual is to help.
- Social Exchange Theory: The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
- Reciprocity Norm: The expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
- Social-Responsibility Norm: The expectation that people will help those who need help.
- Conflict: A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or values.
- Social Trap: A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
- Mirror-Image Perceptions: Mutual views for each other, often contradictory, held by conflicting groups (e.g., two sides in a conflict).
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
- Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
- GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.
Chapters 14, 15, 16: Personality, Psychological Disorders, and Psychotherapy
(Note: This section condenses information from multiple chapters, summarizing key concepts)
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Personality: An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Psychodynamic Theories: Theories of personality that view behavior as stemming from unconscious drives and motives.
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Psychoanalysis: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
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Unconscious: Reservoir of thoughts, feelings, memories that are outside of conscious awareness.
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Free Association: A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Id: The reservoir of unconscious psychic energy striving for immediate gratification.
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Ego: The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
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Superego: The internalized set of ideals and moral principles.
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Psychosexual Stages: Childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) where the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
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Oedipus Complex: A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and rivalry for his father.
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Identification: Children incorporating their parents' values into their developing superegos.
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Fixation: A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage.
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Defense Mechanisms: Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety, such as repression and projection.
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Repression: Pushing painful memories and thoughts into the unconscious.
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Collective Unconscious: Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
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Terror-Management Theory: Addressing the question of how we cope with our knowledge of mortality.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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Projective Test: A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test: A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; responses are then analyzed to uncover hidden personality characteristics.
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Humanistic Theories: Focus on potential for growth and self-acceptance.
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Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s theory prioritizing certain needs like biological needs/safety before psychological needs/self-actualization.
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Self-Actualization: The ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.
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Self-Transcendence: Striving for meaning and purpose beyond the self.
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Unconditional Positive Regard: According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
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Self-Concept: Our understanding/evaluation of ourselves.
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Trait: A characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
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Personality Inventory: A questionnaire (often with true–false or agree–disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors.
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Self-Report: A method in which people provide subjective information about themselves.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): One of the most widely researched and clinically used personality inventories.
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Empirically Derived Test: A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
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Big Five Factors: Dimensions of personality—Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion (CANOE).
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Social-Cognitive Perspective: Views behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thoughts, feelings, and expectations) and their social context.
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Reciprocal Determinism: The interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors.
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Self: Encompasses our thoughts/perceptions about who we are in relation to our past, present, and future.
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Spotlight Effect: Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
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Self-Esteem: One's feelings of high or low self-worth.
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Self-Efficacy: One's sense of competence and effectiveness.
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Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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Narcissism: Excessive self-love and self-absorption.
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Psychological Disorder: A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
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Medical Model: The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured.
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Epigenetics: The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
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DSM-5-TR: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
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Anxiety Disorders: Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
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Social Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Excessive anxiety and worry about numerous events, accompanied by physical symptoms.
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Panic Disorder: An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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Specific Phobia: An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions).
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
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Somatic Symptom Disorder: Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause.
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Illness Anxiety Disorder: (Hypochondriasis) Distress about physical symptoms with unjustified fear of having a serious disease.
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Major Depressive Disorder: A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or other medical conditions, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest/pleasure in most or all activities.
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Depressive Disorders: Disorders characterized by a prolonged period of sadness/lack of interest in activities.
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Bipolar Disorders: Mood disorders in which individuals are affected between periods of very low and very high mood.
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Mania: A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
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Rumination: Feeding on negative thoughts, obsessively.
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Schizophrenia: A severe disorder characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emoteions and behaviors.
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Psychotic Disorders: Disorders characterized by abnormal perceptions and/or loss of contact with reality.
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Delusion: False beliefs often of persecution or grandeur.
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Chronic Schizophrenia: A prolonged/persistent episode of schizophrenia.
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Acute Schizophrenia: A brief episode of schizophrenia.
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Dissociative Disorders: Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from painful memories, thoughts, or feelings.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
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Personality Disorders: Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a charming con artist.
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Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder in which a person reduces eating to significantly/dangerously low levels.
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Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, or fasting.
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Binge-Eating Disorder: An eating disorder in which significant binge-eating episodes occur, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without the compensatory purging behaviors of bulimia.
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Disorders that appear in childhood and are characterized by deviations in psychological/neurological development.
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Intellectual Disability: A significant limitation in intellectual functioning, accompanied by limitations in adaptive behavior, beginning before age 18.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
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Psychotherapy: Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
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Biomedical Therapy: Prescriptions, treatments, and procedures that directly affect the body's psychological (physical or mental)/chemical processes.
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Eclectic Approach: An approach to therapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy to best treat the client.
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Psychoanalysis: Freud's therapeutic technique.
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Resistance: In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
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Interpretation: In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
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Transference: In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to therapist of emotions linked with other relationships.
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Psychodynamic Therapy: Therapy that views individuals' behavior as stemming from the unconscious conflicts and past relationships.
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Insight Therapies: Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
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Person-Centered Therapy: A humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client growth.
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Active Listening: Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.
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Behavior Therapy: Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
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Counterconditioning: Behavioral therapies using classical conditioning to evoke new responses or reduce the desire for maladaptive (negative) behaviors or responses.
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Exposure Therapies: Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in graduated steps) to the things they fear and avoid.
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Systematic Desensitization: A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: Progressively exposing people to simulations of their greatest fears, from spiders to public speaking.
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Aversive Conditioning: A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior.
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Token Economy: An operant conditioning procedure that reinforces desired behaviors and extinguishes undesired ones.
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Cognitive Therapy: Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
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Group Therapy: Therapy that involves multiple participants in a group session.
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Family Therapy: Therapy that treats the family as a system.
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Confirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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Meta-Analysis: A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
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Evidence-Based Practice: Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
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Therapeutic Alliance: The bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, which is crucial for successful therapy.
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Biomedical Therapy: Prescriptions, treatments, or procedures that directly affect the body's psychological (physical/mental) processes.
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Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on mind and behavior.
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.
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Antianxiety Drugs: Drugs used to control anxiety and panic attacks.
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Antidepressant Drugs: Drugs used to lift mood; treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD.
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Psychedelic Drugs: Drugs that alter or distort mental awareness in hallucinatory ways and can create profound spiritual or mystical experiences.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Treatment with brief electric shock to the brain; used for severe depression that does not respond to medication or other treatments.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): A noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate targeted areas of the brain.
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Psychosurgery: Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
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Lobotomy: A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.
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Resilience: The ability to adapt or bounce back.
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Posttraumatic Growth: Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises, such as a major illness, or personal tragedy.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of emotion and motivation in this insightful quiz based on Chapter 12 of psychology. Dive into theories like James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor, and understand how our physiological states influence our emotions. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of emotional psychology.
