Motivation and Emotion
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Questions and Answers

What concept describes the relationship between physical distance and emotional distance in personal interactions?

  • Cognitive appraisal theory
  • Personal space correlation (correct)
  • Common sense theory of emotion
  • Emotional proximity theory

    • Which theory suggests that physiological arousal occurs simultaneously with the conscious feeling of emotion?

  • Cannon-Bard theory (correct)
  • Common sense theory
  • James-Lange theory
  • Two-factor theory

    • In the context of the two-factor theory, how does the environment play a role in the experience of emotions?

  • It only affects physiological responses
  • It determines the intensity of the emotion
  • It has no effect on the emotion experienced
  • It influences the automatic arousal and subsequent conscious feeling (correct)

    • What is the mere exposure effect?

    <p>The increased likelihood of favoring stimuli after repeated exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

    <p>One states arousal and emotion happen simultaneously, while the other does not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is affected by anorexia nervosa?

    <p>0.5-1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a health problem associated with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Hyperactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of emotion refers to the physiological reactions like increased heart rate?

    <p>Physiological component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are primary emotions said to be?

    <p>Universally acknowledged across cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest?

    <p>Facial expressions can influence emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes non-verbal leakage?

    <p>The unconscious display of emotions in verbal behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a well-known behavioral expression of fear?

    <p>Screaming in terror (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of display rules in emotional expression?

    <p>To dictate when and how emotions should be expressed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary focus of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>It suggests that self-actualization must follow the satisfaction of basic and security needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In drive reduction theory, what does the term 'drive' refer to?

    <p>The internal state of tension motivating an organism's actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about extrinsic and intrinsic motivators?

    <p>Extrinsic motivators can undermine intrinsic motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of incentive in motivation?

    <p>It is an external goal that motivates behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between expectancy and value in expectancy theories of motivation?

    <p>They must be multiplied to yield the level of motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about obesity and genetics is most accurate?

    <p>Genetics can influence tendencies toward obesity in some individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of emotion?

    <p>Social behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which theory of emotion might physiological responses play a significant role in the way emotions are expressed?

    <p>James-Lange theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the James-Lange theory propose about the sequence of emotional experiences?

    <p>Arousal leads to conscious feelings based on physical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the role of context in shaping emotional responses?

    <p>Two-factor theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Cannon-Bard theory, what is the relationship between physiological arousal and the conscious feeling?

    <p>They occur independently but simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mere exposure effect suggest about repeated stimulus exposure?

    <p>It generally fosters a more favorable attitude toward the stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the common sense theory of emotion define the order of emotional experience?

    <p>Conscious feelings cause stimulus reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of anorexia nervosa in the population?

    <p>0.5-1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of emotion involves conscious experiences such as feeling afraid or angry?

    <p>Cognitive Component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone signals the hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure?

    <p>Leptin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following health issues is associated with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Brain atrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the hypothalamus, when stimulated, leads to undereating?

    <p>Ventromedial hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does palatability affect eating behavior?

    <p>Better tasting foods lead to increased consumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological response to a drop in glucose levels according to the glucostatic theory?

    <p>Hunger pangs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do display rules in emotional expression refer to?

    <p>Societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the BMI classification for obesity?

    <p>Over 30 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is non-verbal leakage?

    <p>Unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with the development of obesity?

    <p>Consuming low-fat foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What eating disorder is characterized by a pattern of binging and purging?

    <p>Bulimia nervosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common physiological response associated with emotion?

    <p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus primarily release to stimulate appetite?

    <p>Neuropeptide Y (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drive reduction theory propose about certain drives like hunger or thirst?

    <p>They motivate behavior to reduce unpleasant feelings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards, while intrinsic emanates from internal satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what must be satisfied first?

    <p>Physiological needs and safety requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between expectancy and value in motivation?

    <p>The multiplication of expectancy and value results in the level of motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common myth regarding extrinsic motivation?

    <p>It can undermine intrinsic motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT represent a criticism of drive reduction theory?

    <p>It disregards the importance of emotional factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivation, what does an incentive refer to?

    <p>An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of metabolism in understanding motivation?

    <p>It describes the body's energy utilization rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anorexia Nervosa

    An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, severe food restriction, and an intense fear of gaining weight.

    Emotion Components

    Emotions are comprised of three parts: cognitive (feeling), physiological (body responses), and behavioral (actions).

    Cognitive Component (Emotion)

    The subjective experience of an emotion, such as feeling happy, sad, or angry.

    Physiological Component (Emotion)

    Physical responses to an emotion, such as increased heart rate, sweating, or dilated pupils.

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    Behavioral Component (Emotion)

    Observable actions related to an emotion, such as crying, smiling, or yelling.

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    Primary Emotions

    Basic emotions widely believed to be universal across cultures, like happiness, sadness, and anger.

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    Display Rules

    Cultural guidelines on when and how to express emotions.

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    Nonverbal Leakage

    Unconscious emotional signals that reveal underlying feelings inconsistent with stated emotions.

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    Personal Space Correlation

    Emotional distance tends to correlate with physical distance between people.

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    Common Sense Emotion

    Stimulus triggers conscious feeling, which then causes automatic arousal.

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    James-Lange Theory

    Conscious emotion follows automatic arousal; different patterns cause different emotions.

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    Cannon-Bard Theory

    Stimulus triggers simultaneous conscious feeling and autonomic arousal.

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    Two-Factor Theory

    Stimulus' impact on emotion depends on the environment and how it's presented; leading to relevant arousal, then followed by conscious emotion.

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    Motivation

    The process determining the type and duration of behaviors.

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    Drive Reduction Theory

    Theory suggesting internal tension (drive) motivates us to reduce it, like hunger.

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    Incentive Theory

    Theory stating we are motivated by external goals (incentives).

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    Expectancy Theory

    Theory suggesting motivation is determined by goal expectancy and goal value.

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    Extrinsic Motivation

    Motivation driven by external rewards (money).

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    Intrinsic Motivation

    Motivation driven by internal factors (personal satisfaction).

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    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    Basic needs like food and safety must be met before higher needs like self-actualization.

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    Basal Metabolism

    Body's resting caloric use rate.

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    Circular Logic

    An argument where the conclusion is already assumed in the premise, leading to a flawed reasoning.

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    Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation

    Extrinsic motivation is driven by outside rewards like money, while intrinsic motivation stems from internal satisfaction, like enjoying a hobby.

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    Self-Actualization

    The motivation to reach one's full potential by pursuing personal growth and fulfillment.

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    Set Point

    The weight and muscle mass an individual tends to maintain naturally.

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    Hunger Pangs

    Muscle contractions in the stomach that signal hunger, usually accompanied by feelings of emptiness.

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    Glucostatic Theory

    The theory suggesting that hunger is triggered by a drop in blood glucose levels, and eating restores the balance.

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    Leptin

    A hormone that signals the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.

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    Lateral Hypothalamus

    A brain region that stimulates eating. Stimulation leads to overeating, while damage leads to undereating.

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    Ventromedial Hypothalamus

    A brain region that suppresses eating. Stimulation leads to undereating, while damage leads to overeating.

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    Palatability

    The pleasantness or tastiness of food, which influences consumption.

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    Obesity

    A state of excessive body fat, defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher.

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    Facial Feedback Hypothesis

    The idea that facial expressions can influence our emotions. For example, forcing a smile can make you feel happier, even if you were initially sad.

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    Secondary Emotions

    Complex emotions formed by a combination of primary emotions. Examples include jealousy (anger + sadness), love (joy + trust), or shame (sadness + fear).

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion. It plays a key role in regulating our physiological responses to emotions.

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    Physical Distance & Emotion

    The closer two people are physically, the more likely they are to share similar emotional states, unless there is anger or conflict involved.

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    Study Notes

    Motivation and Emotion

    • Motivation is the process that determines the type and duration of behavior.
    • Drive reduction theory suggests that internal tension (drives like hunger, thirst) motivates behaviors to reduce that tension.
    • Incentive and expectancy theories propose motivation is driven by positive goals, with stimuli having varying incentive values. Expectancy and value determine motivation.
    • Extrinsic motivation comes from external goals (e.g., money), while intrinsic motivation arises from internal goals (e.g., enjoyment).
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that basic needs (physiological, safety) must be met before higher-level needs (self-actualization) can be pursued.
    • Metabolism is the body's rate of using calories. Basal metabolism is the rate when the body is at rest.

    Hunger and Eating

    • Short-term signals of hunger include hunger pangs (muscle contractions) and glucose levels.
    • The hypothalamus regulates glucose levels; low glucose levels lead to hunger and drive to eat.
    • Distension of the stomach and intestines, and peptide hormones, are involved in satiety signals.
    • Nutrient-rich foods lead to greater satiety.

    Obesity

    • Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30.
    • Genetic and environmental factors (high-calorie foods, sedentary lifestyles) contribute to obesity.

    Eating Disorders

    • Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binging and purging behaviors to control weight.
    • Anorexia nervosa involves extreme weight loss, often from food restriction and an intense desire for thinness.

    Emotion

    • Emotion involves cognitive (subjective feelings), physiological (autonomic responses), and behavioral (observable actions) components.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls many physiological responses associated with emotions.
    • Some theories suggest primary emotions (like happiness, anger, fear) are universal.
    • Display rules dictate cultural norms for expressing emotions.
    • Facial feedback hypothesis suggests facial expressions can influence emotional experience.
    • Nonverbal leakage is the unconscious expression of emotions in behavior.
    • Personal space and emotions are often related.

    Theories of Emotion

    • James-Lange theory: the conscious experience of emotion follows a physiological response.
    • Cannon-Bard theory: emotional experience and physiological response occur simultaneously.
    • Two-factor theory: emotions are determined by both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal, influenced by the situation.

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