Psychology Chapter on Developmental Psychology
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does the unconscious mind primarily influence?

  • Awareness of mental processes
  • Behavior and reactions (correct)
  • Conscious decision-making
  • Genetic predispositions

    • How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  • 22 pairs
  • 23 pairs (correct)
  • 46 pairs
  • 24 pairs

    • What defines an individual's genotype?

  • Genetic profile (correct)
  • Inherited traits from parents
  • Observable characteristics
  • Behavioral tendencies

    • What type of chromosomes determine an individual's sex?

    <p>Sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes?

    <p>To contain instructions for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates males from females in relation to X-linked traits?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individualistic and collectivist cultures primarily differ?

    <p>Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twin study analyzes the concordance rates between identical and fraternal twins?

    <p>Twin studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of genes do identical twins share?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor is often most influential during adolescence?

    <p>Peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does separation anxiety typically begin in infants?

    <p>Around 6-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional bond is formed between an infant and caregiver called?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of imprinting?

    <p>Forming attachments during a critical period very early in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by mild separation and stranger anxiety?

    <p>Secure attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of behavior indicates insecure attachments during the Strange Situation Test?

    <p>Lack of emotional response to mother leaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is associated with studying the quality of attachments through the Strange Situation Test?

    <p>Mary Ainsworth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder regarding empathy?

    <p>Deficits in empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and severe punishments?

    <p>Authoritarian Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of child temperament is most likely to develop a secure attachment?

    <p>Easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of permissive parenting on children?

    <p>Insecure attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is considered the best according to Baumrind's classification?

    <p>Authoritative Parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage is characterized by the crisis of trust versus mistrust in Erikson's theory?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of temperament struggles the most with adapting to changes?

    <p>Difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the impact of early deprivation on attachment?

    <p>May result in insecure attachment if experienced before age two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

    <p>Development of social relationships across stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus during the stage of Mistrust (0-1 years)?

    <p>Creating a sense of trust in the caregiver and the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might occur if parents do not encourage independence in children aged 1-3 years?

    <p>Children may experience shame and doubt about their capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key developmental task during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage (3-5 years)?

    <p>Establishing leadership skills through play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome if a child does not develop a sense of industry (5-12 years)?

    <p>They could develop feelings of inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage (12-18 years)?

    <p>Experiencing identity crises and role experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional challenge might arise in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage (18-40 years) if identity issues are unresolved?

    <p>An inability to form meaningful relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question often arises during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage (40-65 years)?

    <p>Have I made meaningful contributions to society?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome if individuals do not successfully navigate the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

    <p>They may feel isolated and unfulfilled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the embryonic period in prenatal development?

    <p>Formation of systems and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are teratogens and what is their impact?

    <p>Agents that may cause harm during prenatal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex involves turning the head toward a touch on the cheek?

    <p>Rooting reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically develop adult-like vision?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT mentioned as an influence on prenatal development?

    <p>Economic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of Piaget's stages does a child begin to understand the concept of object permanence?

    <p>Sensorimotor Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the zone of proximal development in Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>It is the difference between a child's potential development and actual development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development model?

    <p>Symbolic thought and egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the decline in response to repeated stimulation, indicating basic learning in newborns?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cognitive development does assimilation refer to?

    <p>Fitting new information into existing schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which cognitive stage do children start using logical reasoning with concrete objects?

    <p>Concrete Operational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'infant amnesia' refer to?

    <p>The inability to form memories before a certain age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle describes the idea that mass, volume, and number remain unchanged despite changes in form?

    <p>Conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of myelination in brain development?

    <p>Enhances speed of neural communication as one ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Behavioral Genetics

    • Dual track mind: unconscious mind (below awareness) influences behavior and decisions, conscious mind (awareness) also influences behavior.
    • Behavioral Genetics: field studying links between genes and behavior.
    • Nature vs. Nurture:
      • Genotype: individual's genetic profile
      • Phenotype: observable characteristics

    Genetics

    • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)
    • Chromosomes are long DNA strands
    • Sex chromosomes (last pair) determine chromosomal sex
      • Male: XY
      • Female: XX
    • Genes: segments of chromosomes, basic units of heredity, contain instructions for proteins
    • Alleles: different versions of a gene, leading to different traits
      • Dominant vs. recessive
      • Sex-linked traits: carried on X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome, so they show trait if present; females have two Xs, so they can be carriers (not show trait but pass it on)
      • Examples: color blindness and hemophilia

    Environmental Influences

    • Parents: mostly important during childhood.
    • Peers: highly influential during adolescence.
    • Culture: transmitted behaviors, ideas, values, and traditions
      • Individualistic vs. collectivist cultures (individual goals vs group goals)
    • Family studies: pedigree studies analyze genes across family members.

    Twin Studies

    • Identical twins (monozygotic): share 100% genes
    • Fraternal twins (dizygotic): share 50% genes
    • Concordance rates: likelihood a twin will have a trait if the other twin does. Useful for examining nature vs. nurture.
    • Adoption studies: compare biological vs. adopted relatives to understand genetic vs environmental influences.

    Epigenetic Influences

    • Changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence.
    • This is heritable and often related to environmental factors (ex: maternal stress)

    Prenatal Development

    • Zygote: fertilized egg
    • Three periods:
      • Germinal: first two weeks (conception to implantation)
      • Embryonic: weeks 3-8 (organ development)
      • Fetal: weeks 9-birth (growth and development of existing organs)
    • Teratogens: harmful agents that can cause birth defects (alcohol being a notable example).

    Newborn Abilities

    • Mental abilities: perinatal period (surrounding birth), habituation (decreasing response to repeated stimuli), sensory abilities (visual acuity, color vision)
    • Sensory abilities: newborn babies can detect movement and large objects
    • Motor abilities: touch, rooting (turning toward touch), sucking, grasping, etc., reflexes

    Physical Development

    • Continuous: gradual development of skills.
    • Maturation: genetically driven changes in behavior.
    • Brain Development: myelinization, growth and pruning of neural connections.

    Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's four stages:
      • Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): object permanence and basic motor skills
      • Preoperational (2-7 years): symbolic thinking, egocentrism, lack of conservation
      • Concrete operational (7-11 years): logical reasoning, conservation
      • Formal operational (11+ years): abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking
    • Critiques of Piaget: underestimated abilities, social influence often overlooked.

    Moral Development

    • Kohlberg: proposed stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) based on moral dilemmas.
    • Criticisms: Kohlberg's theory may be biased toward western cultures, may be biased in favor of men (Gilligan's ideas).

    Adolescent Development

    • Erikson's stages: psychosocial development
    • Identity vs. Role Confusion: figuring out one's identity, values, and beliefs

    Temperament

    • Inborn emotional and behavioral characteristics.
    • Types: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up.
    • Temperament can influence attachment styles.

    Parenting Styles

    • Authoritarian: strict rules, severe punishment
    • Permissive: few rules, lenient
    • Authoritative: clear rules, consistent discipline, warmth

    Attachment

    • Secure: distressed when separated, easily comforted by caregiver
    • Insecure-avoidant: not distressed when separated, avoids caregiver
    • Insecure-resistant/ambivalent: distressed when separated, ambivalent towards caregiver

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    AP Psych Review Sheet #3 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, including genetic influences, attachment styles, and cultural differences. Test your understanding of topics like genotype, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and separation anxiety. Perfect for students delving into the intricacies of human development.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser