Psychology: Attachment Theory & Initiative vs. Guilt

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Questions and Answers

What role do peer relationships have in early childhood development?

They contribute positively to self-concept and well-being. (correct)

They are primarily detrimental to school achievement.

They hinder the development of social skills.

They have minimal impact on emotional well-being.

How do friendships typically manifest among children in early childhood?

They are influenced predominantly by parental guidance.

They are based solely on shared interests.

They create a context for positive exchanges and conflict resolution. (correct)

They are formed primarily through academic achievements.

Which measure is primarily used to study peer relationships in middle childhood?

Observation

Social referencing

Self-reporting

Sociometry (correct)

What is the primary purpose of social referencing in infants?

To gauge emotional responses based on others' reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament typology is characterized by high reactivity to stimulation?

Difficult Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of temperament affects an infant's emotional responses?

The quality of the caregiving environment. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of development do friendships act as indicators of likability?

Middle Childhood Signup and view all the answers

What type of exchanges are more frequent among friends compared to non-friends?

Positive exchanges Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the attachment relationship formed between an infant and caregiver?

It is an enduring emotional tie that focuses on meeting the infant's needs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'secure-base behavior' refer to in attachment theory?

The tendency to seek comfort and safety from caregivers during exploration. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the 'sensitive period' for attachment formation?

It extends from birth to three years, crucial for developing secure attachments. Signup and view all the answers

How does a child's sense of 'initiative' develop according to Erikson's theory?

By exploring and initiating activities encouraged by caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'theory of mind' play in social cognition during childhood?

It helps in understanding that others have different internal mental states and perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining aspect of peer relationships as indicated in the content?

They typically involve sharing power and responsibility equally. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the type of attachment relationship developed in infants?

The infant's temperament and the context of caregiving. Signup and view all the answers

What can result if caregivers discourage a child's initiative during Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development?

The child may develop feelings of guilt and hesitation to act. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attachment Theory

Enduring emotional tie between an infant and caregiver.
Caregiver must meet the infant's needs.
First relationship is primary.
Forming attachments is biological and necessary for survival.
First three years are a sensitive period for attachment development.
Secure-base behavior is central to attachment theory.
A secure attachment relationship establishes a standard for future relationships, known as the internal working model.
Infant temperament, social referencing, and security of attachment influence the type of attachment formed.
Develops into either a secure or insecure attachment relationship.
Infants demonstrate innate signals to ensure proximity, such as crying, clinging, following, and monitoring the caregiver.
By the end of the first year, a pattern of attachment quality is established through regular caregiving.

Erikson's 2nd Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt

Focuses on developing a sense of initiative through exploration, action, and initiation.
Caregivers who encourage independence and decision-making foster initiative.
Discouragement or criticism leads to feelings of guilt.
Linked to toddlers' efforts to assert control over their activities, but if thwarted, they may hold back.

The cognitive processes we use to understand our social world.
Theory of Mind is an essential aspect that develops in childhood, allowing us to understand that individuals are driven by internal mental states.
Develops at age 3, marking a new understanding of social participation.
Includes perspective-taking, social information processing, and social knowledge attainment.

Peer Relationships

Equal in power.
3-4 year olds initiate and maintain relationships.
Positive peer relationships contribute to well-being, self-concept, reduced psychological problems, and positive school achievement.
Studied through observation in early childhood and self-report in middle childhood.
Middle childhood experiences changes in peer relationships, influenced by sociometry, which measures peer acceptance.

Friendships in Early Childhood

Friends are preferred play partners.
Play provides a context for friendship.
Children behave differently with friends.
Friends have more frequent positive interactions.
Disagreements are common but usually resolved due to the desire to maintain the relationship.

Friendships in Middle Childhood

Friends serve as an indicator of likability.
Have a positive impact on school attitudes and academic success.

Developed through peer relationships and play experiences.

Involves understanding emotions by observing others' reactions, particularly in situations of uncertainty.
Infants use it to gauge emotional context.
Influenced by an infant's temperament and sense of security.
Contributes to emotional modeling.

Temperament

An individual's general emotional style in response to events.
Constitutionally-based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation.
Influences infants' emotional expressivity, reactivity, soothability, and regulation.
Affects emotional responses by determining sensitivity to stimulation.
The fit between the caregiving environment and an infant's temperament is crucial.
Temperament typologies include easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
Current terminology identifies reactive or exuberant temperaments.

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Description

Explore the nuances of Attachment Theory and Erikson's second stage of development, Initiative vs. Guilt. Understand how early relationships shape emotional ties and influence future interactions. This quiz will test your knowledge on key concepts and developmental milestones in psychology.