Developmental Psychology Quiz

<p>Testing the same individuals multiple times over years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 to 8 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequential design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Close emotional bonds between infants and caregivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal sensitivity contributes to attachment styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings of guilt and inadequacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense of competence and pride in achievement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual changes in brain matter and emotional regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced reasoning abilities and egocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use it or lose it; engagement in cognitive activities can maintain function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adult intellectual changes can include slower processing speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive functions decline in a predictable manner for all individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced efficiency in processing information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to think abstractly with reduced impulsiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-conventional Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trust versus Mistrust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense of self-sufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stages occur in an invariant sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing fear of parental approval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Satisfying personal needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distrusting personality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher stages strengthen relationship between reasoning and behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding of social rules and laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiative versus Guilt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morality reflects self-chosen ethical principles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater resilience and social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geographical location (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>German culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>May enhance attachment security in some children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxious-ambivalent attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian parenting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced maternal responsiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure attachments lead to poorer relationship choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shapes the entire outcome of social developments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often display aggressive and impulsive behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indulgent parenting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural values dictate parenting practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engage little with the mother and show no distress upon separation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive development occurs in a series of predefined stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A change in an existing schema based on new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mastery of conservation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete operational period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to apply logic and think systematically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development is continuous rather than stage-based. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to think about one aspect of a problem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not consider individual differences in development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming that others see the world exactly as they do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding object permanence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural differences can affect the age at which stages are reached. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic mental representations of how the world works. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete operational stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The debate about whether development is primarily influenced by heredity (nature) or environment (nurture).

A specific time during development when a certain characteristic must be acquired otherwise it may never appear; for example, sight.

A period during development when a certain characteristic may develop most readily and is optimal but not necessary; for example, language.

The debate about whether development is gradual and continuous or occurs in distinct stages.

An emotional bond between infant and caregiver.

Comparing different age groups at one time.

Repeatedly testing the same group over time.

A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Birth to 2 years; infants interact with the world through senses and motor actions; develop object permanence.

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

2 to 7 years; symbolic thinking emerges, but limited understanding of basic mental operations (conservation, irreversibility, egocentrism).

Understanding that basic properties of objects (volume, mass, quantity) remain the same despite changes in appearance.

Focusing on only one aspect of a problem and neglecting others.

Inability to imagine reversing an action.

Limited ability to share another person's perspective.

7 to 11 years; mental operations applied to concrete objects; understand conservation and reversibility.

11 years and beyond; abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning develop.

Incorporating new experiences into existing mental schemas.

Adjusting existing mental schemas to fit new experiences.

Mental representations of the world, or concepts.

The changes in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities throughout life.

Type of developmental theory that proposes sequential, age-related changes.

Infants feel secure exploring while their caregiver is present, show distress when separated and comfort promptly upon reunion.

Infants are anxious when their caregiver is nearby, protest excessively when separated, and may not be comforted upon reunion.

Infants show little contact with their caregiver and are not distressed when separated.

Infants who display high levels of distress, inconsistent mood, and infrequent smiles.

Parenting style characterized by warmth, control, clear rules, and explanations for rules.

Parenting style marked by control, coldness, and unresponsiveness. Rules are paramount.

Lack of consistent caregiving, leading to social, emotional, and behavioral problems.

Explores the enduring emotional bond between caregiver and child.

Different child-rearing practices across cultures affect attachment styles.

Innate behavioral and emotional characteristics of a child, influencing caregiver responsiveness.

Fear of unfamiliar adults typical during infancy.

Extensive childcare may increase risk of insecure attachments if quality is poor or hours are excessive.

Infants are biologically programmed to attract caregivers for survival and reproductive success.

Secure attachment is characterized by exploration, distress upon separation, and comfort upon reunion with the caregiver. This pattern strongly correlates with healthy social-emotional development.

Distinct parenting approaches affecting child outcomes.

Cognitive development is influenced by social interactions and cultural tools.

Tasks a child can do with help, but not alone.

Ability to distinguish right from wrong and act accordingly.

Stages of moral development, focusing on reasoning, not actions.

Moral decisions based on consequences (rewards and punishments).

Moral decisions based on social rules and norms.

Moral decisions based on self-chosen ethical principles.

Erikson's first stage; infants develop trust if needs are met.

Erikson's stage where toddlers gain independence or self-doubt.

Erikson's stage where children explore and make choices, potentially leading to guilt.

Situations in which there are competing moral considerations.

Stages are fixed and cognitive development drives.

Stronger correlation between the higher the stage of moral reasoning.

Famous moral dilemma used to study moral reasoning.

Erikson's stages focusing on social interaction and personality.

This stage, spanning ages 6 to puberty, focuses on a child's ability to function effectively outside the family, embracing society and productivity to gain a sense of competence and achievement.

During adolescence, the frontal cortex continues to develop, increasing white matter and pruning gray matter, which improves impulse control and abstract thought. The Corpus Callosum, connecting brain hemispheres, also grows, helping with communication and coordination.

This is a heightened self-focus during adolescence, often manifesting in "personal fables" (beliefs that one's experiences are unique) and "imaginary audiences" (feeling constantly observed).

Adolescent egocentrism, along with underdeveloped prefrontal cortex, contributes to increased risk-taking behaviors. These behaviors can stem from a sense of invincibility or the belief that consequences won't apply to them.

This stage of cognitive development, occurring in adulthood, involves the ability to think logically about multiple, differing viewpoints and perspectives, grappling with complexity and ambiguity.

While some cognitive abilities begin to decline with age, this process is gradual and can be influenced by various factors. Perceptual speed, memory for new facts, spatial memory, and prospective memory are often affected first.

Fluid intelligence refers to problem-solving skills and processing speed, which tends to decline with age. Crystallized intelligence, or accumulated knowledge and experience, generally remains stable or even increases with age.

Staying cognitively active, engaged in mentally stimulating activities, and maintaining strong social connections can help preserve cognitive abilities throughout adulthood. Physical exercise also plays a crucial role.

Aerobic exercise, particularly in later adulthood, promotes neurogenesis (growth of new neurons) in the hippocampus, which is crucial for memory. It's also linked to improved immune function and better overall brain health.