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What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the drilling sensation?
What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the drilling sensation?
The conditioned response is the same as the unconditioned response.
The conditioned response is the same as the unconditioned response.
False
What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response weakens after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response weakens after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
The __________ response refers to the initial, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
The __________ response refers to the initial, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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In the example with the delicious dish, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?
In the example with the delicious dish, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?
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Spontaneous recovery is the permanent disappearance of a conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery is the permanent disappearance of a conditioned response.
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What is the conditioned response in the context of the screeching sound made by nails on a chalkboard?
What is the conditioned response in the context of the screeching sound made by nails on a chalkboard?
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What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after some time?
What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after some time?
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In operant conditioning, punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
In operant conditioning, punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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Name the two types of reinforcers in operant conditioning.
Name the two types of reinforcers in operant conditioning.
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The response learned through Pavlov's experiments involves a ______ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
The response learned through Pavlov's experiments involves a ______ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
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Match the following concepts to their definitions:
Match the following concepts to their definitions:
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Which factor is crucial for effective classical conditioning according to Pavlov?
Which factor is crucial for effective classical conditioning according to Pavlov?
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Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are different from the original conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are different from the original conditioned stimulus.
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What is the likely outcome when a behavior is reinforced?
What is the likely outcome when a behavior is reinforced?
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What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
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Negative reinforcement involves the addition of an unpleasant stimulus to a situation.
Negative reinforcement involves the addition of an unpleasant stimulus to a situation.
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What type of punishment involves the removal of a reinforcing stimulus?
What type of punishment involves the removal of a reinforcing stimulus?
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In operant conditioning, __________ occurs when responses stop producing reinforcements.
In operant conditioning, __________ occurs when responses stop producing reinforcements.
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Match the types of reinforcement or punishment with their explanations:
Match the types of reinforcement or punishment with their explanations:
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Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
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Punishment is always effective in changing behavior.
Punishment is always effective in changing behavior.
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What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?
What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?
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What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's dog experiment?
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's dog experiment?
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The conditioned response (CR) occurs naturally without any conditioning.
The conditioned response (CR) occurs naturally without any conditioning.
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What response does the dog exhibit when it hears the bell after conditioning?
What response does the dog exhibit when it hears the bell after conditioning?
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In Pavlov's study, the __________ is the action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.
In Pavlov's study, the __________ is the action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
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What results from the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
What results from the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
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In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can eventually become a conditioned stimulus.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can eventually become a conditioned stimulus.
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What psychological concept was discovered by Ivan Pavlov?
What psychological concept was discovered by Ivan Pavlov?
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What type of reinforcement schedule occurs after a variable number of correct responses?
What type of reinforcement schedule occurs after a variable number of correct responses?
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In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a specific number of correct responses.
In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a specific number of correct responses.
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Name the psychologist who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiments.
Name the psychologist who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiments.
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A ________ schedule provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval.
A ________ schedule provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval.
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Match the following reinforcement schedules with their descriptions:
Match the following reinforcement schedules with their descriptions:
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Which type of learning involves observing the behaviors of others?
Which type of learning involves observing the behaviors of others?
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Imitation is always a conscious choice made by individuals.
Imitation is always a conscious choice made by individuals.
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What is one reason why people might imitate the behaviors of others?
What is one reason why people might imitate the behaviors of others?
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What is vicarious reinforcement?
What is vicarious reinforcement?
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Vicarious punishment is more effective than vicarious reinforcement.
Vicarious punishment is more effective than vicarious reinforcement.
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What is self-efficacy?
What is self-efficacy?
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A child learns to behave in a certain way because they observed __________ receiving praise.
A child learns to behave in a certain way because they observed __________ receiving praise.
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Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
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Children imitate behaviors they have observed only if they feel they can succeed in doing so.
Children imitate behaviors they have observed only if they feel they can succeed in doing so.
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Give an example of vicarious reinforcement.
Give an example of vicarious reinforcement.
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Study Notes
FPSH1014 Understanding Self and Others - Topic 5 Learning
- Topic 5 focuses on learning, specifically classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Pavlov & Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning.
- He noticed dogs salivating at the sight of lab workers who regularly fed them.
- This salivation, a "psychological secretion", was predictable and automatic.
- Classical conditioning is the process by which an organism associates two stimuli, a neutral stimulus and another that naturally evokes a response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Automatically elicits an unconditioned response..
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The automatic response elicited by the UCS.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially doesn't evoke a response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): After repeated pairing with the UCS, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS.
- Pavlov's experiment involved a neutral stimulus (a bell) paired with a UCS (food) repeatedly. This caused a conditioned response (salivation) to the bell alone.
- This phenomenon demonstrates a learned association between the CS and the UCS.
Additional Phenomena of Classical Conditioning
- Extinction: The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without further pairings.
- Stimulus generalization: The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. (ex., if a dog learned to respond to a bell, it might also respond to other similar sounds)
- Stimulus discrimination: The ability to differentiate between stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviour is influenced by consequences.
- A behaviour that is followed by a reinforcing consequence is more likely to occur again, and a behaviour that is followed by a punishing consequence is less likely to occur.
- Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Primary reinforcers: Unconditioned reinforcers (ex., food, water).
- Secondary reinforcers: Conditioned reinforcers that gains their value through association with primary reinforcers (ex., money).
- Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.
- Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.
- Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Intermittent reinforcement: Reinforcing responses only some of the time, which results in greater resistance to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforcements are given after a specific number of responses.
- Variable-ratio schedule: Reinforcements are given after a varying number of responses.
- Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforcements are given after a specific period of time has elapsed.
- Variable-interval schedule: Reinforcements are given after varying periods of time.
Additional Phenomena of Operant Conditioning
- Extinction: Occurs when behaviours that were previously reinforced are no longer reinforced.
- Stimulus generalization: The tendency to respond to a new stimulus in the same way as a learned stimulus.
- Stimulus discrimination: The tendency to respond differently to a new stimulus than to a learned stimulus.
Social Learning
- Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and modeling.
- Important Concepts:
- Observation: Learning by watching others' actions and consequences.
- Modeling: Imitating the observed behaviors .
- Vicarious reinforcement/punishment: Learning to perform/avoid behaviours based on watching others be reinforced/punished.
- Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully.
- Self-reinforcement/self-punishment: Reward/punishing themselves for their behaviour.
Bobo Doll Experiment
- Demonstrated that children learn aggressive behaviors through observation of adult models.
- Imitation of violent acts observed.
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Description
Test your knowledge of classical and operant conditioning in this quiz. Explore concepts such as unconditioned stimuli, conditioned responses, and reinforcement types. Challenge yourself with definitions and example scenarios from the world of psychology.