Psychology Chapter on Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What is the unconditioned stimulus in the example of the drilling sensation?

  • Conditioned response
  • Tension
  • Sounds of the drill
  • Sensation of drilling on your teeth (correct)

The conditioned response is the same as the unconditioned response.

False (B)

What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned response weakens after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Extinction

The __________ response refers to the initial, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

<p>unconditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that naturally elicits a response Conditioned Stimulus = Previously neutral stimulus that after conditioning elicits a response Unconditioned Response = Natural response to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response = Learned response to a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example with the delicious dish, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

<p>The smell of the dish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spontaneous recovery is the permanent disappearance of a conditioned response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conditioned response in the context of the screeching sound made by nails on a chalkboard?

<p>Flinching</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after some time?

<p>Spontaneous recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of reinforcers in operant conditioning.

<p>Primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The response learned through Pavlov's experiments involves a ______ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

<p>conditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts to their definitions:

<p>Primary reinforcers = Reinforcing due to intrinsic properties Secondary reinforcers = Reinforcing due to association with something else Reinforcement = Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to occur Punishment = Behavior that is punished occurs less frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for effective classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

<p>Timing between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are different from the original conditioned stimulus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome when a behavior is reinforced?

<p>The behavior is likely to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?

<p>To increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative reinforcement involves the addition of an unpleasant stimulus to a situation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of punishment involves the removal of a reinforcing stimulus?

<p>Negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, __________ occurs when responses stop producing reinforcements.

<p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of reinforcement or punishment with their explanations:

<p>Positive reinforcement = Addition of something valuable Negative reinforcement = Avoidance of unpleasant stimulus Positive punishment = Addition of an aversive consequence Negative punishment = Removal of a pleasant stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

<p>Receiving a traffic ticket for speeding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Punishment is always effective in changing behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's dog experiment?

<p>Food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conditioned response (CR) occurs naturally without any conditioning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response does the dog exhibit when it hears the bell after conditioning?

<p>salivating</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's study, the __________ is the action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.

<p>unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = An event that automatically elicits a response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = A stimulus that depends on previous conditioning Unconditioned Response (UCR) = An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response (CR) = A learned response to a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the pairing of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Conditioned Response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can eventually become a conditioned stimulus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept was discovered by Ivan Pavlov?

<p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule occurs after a variable number of correct responses?

<p>Variable-ratio Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a specific number of correct responses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the psychologist who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiments.

<p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ________ schedule provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval.

<p>fixed-interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reinforcement schedules with their descriptions:

<p>Variable-ratio Schedule = Reinforcement after a variable number of responses Fixed-interval Schedule = Reinforcement after a specific time interval Variable-interval Schedule = Reinforcement after varying amounts of time Fixed-ratio Schedule = Reinforcement after a specific number of responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves observing the behaviors of others?

<p>Social Learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imitation is always a conscious choice made by individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why people might imitate the behaviors of others?

<p>To gain information or establish norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious reinforcement?

<p>Learning by observing others being reinforced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vicarious punishment is more effective than vicarious reinforcement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

<p>The belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child learns to behave in a certain way because they observed __________ receiving praise.

<p>a role model</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

<p>A child staying silent after seeing another child scolded for talking in class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children imitate behaviors they have observed only if they feel they can succeed in doing so.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of vicarious reinforcement.

<p>A child learns to say 'please' after seeing an older sibling praised for doing so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

The process of learning a new association between two stimuli: a neutral stimulus and another stimulus that already evokes a reflexive response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An event that automatically elicits a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The automatic, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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Acquisition

The initial stage of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Extinction

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

A process in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus Generalization

When a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

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Positive Reinforcement

The addition of a desirable consequence following a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again.

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Negative Reinforcement

The removal of an undesirable consequence following a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again.

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Punishment

Any event that makes a behavior less likely to occur again.

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Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant consequence after a behavior to decrease its frequency.

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Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant consequence after a behavior to decrease its frequency.

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Operant Conditioning

A learning process where the consequences of a behavior determine its likelihood of occurring again.

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Reinforcer

A stimulus that strengthens the probability of a preceding response.

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Primary Reinforcer

A type of reinforcer that is inherently satisfying and does not require learning to be experienced as rewarding. Examples include food, water, and sex.

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Secondary Reinforcer

A type of reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing qualities through association with a primary reinforcer. Examples include money, praise, and good grades.

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

A schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific time interval has passed since the last reinforcement.

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Variable-Interval Schedule

A schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.

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Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific number of correct responses.

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

A schedule that provides reinforcement after a variable number of correct responses.

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Social Learning

Learning through observing others' behaviour and its consequences.

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Modeling & Imitation

A social learning process where someone learns by observing & mimicking the actions of another.

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Observation Learning

We learn much by watching others’ actions & their consequences.

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Bobo Doll Experiment

A famous experiment by Albert Bandura where children who watched a film of an adult attacking a doll were more likely to also attack the doll.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions, as if those consequences happened to you.

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Example of Vicarious Reinforcement

When someone imitates a behavior they observe because the person they are watching received positive reinforcement.

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Vicarious Punishment

Learning by observing the negative consequences of others' actions, like a decreased chance of performing that action yourself.

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Example of Vicarious Punishment

A type of vicarious punishment where you learn not to do a specific action after seeing someone else punished for doing it.

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Self-Efficacy

The belief in your ability to successfully complete a task. It's key in social learning because we are more likely to imitate those whose behavior we think we can replicate.

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Self-Efficacy in Social Learning

Seeing someone else do something successfully can boost your own self-efficacy, making you more likely to imitate that behavior.

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Low Self-Efficacy and Social Learning

If you believe you cannot successfully imitate the behavior, you'll be less likely to copy it even if you see someone else benefitting from it.

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Vicarious Punishment and Self-Efficacy

Seeing someone perform a behavior and receive punishment makes you less likely to imitate that action, especially if you lack self-efficacy in performing it.

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Study Notes

FPSH1014 Understanding Self and Others - Topic 5 Learning

  • Topic 5 focuses on learning, specifically classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Pavlov & Classical Conditioning

  • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning.
  • He noticed dogs salivating at the sight of lab workers who regularly fed them.
  • This salivation, a "psychological secretion", was predictable and automatic.
  • Classical conditioning is the process by which an organism associates two stimuli, a neutral stimulus and another that naturally evokes a response.
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Automatically elicits an unconditioned response..
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The automatic response elicited by the UCS.
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially doesn't evoke a response.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): After repeated pairing with the UCS, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a response.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS.
  • Pavlov's experiment involved a neutral stimulus (a bell) paired with a UCS (food) repeatedly. This caused a conditioned response (salivation) to the bell alone.
  • This phenomenon demonstrates a learned association between the CS and the UCS.

Additional Phenomena of Classical Conditioning

  • Extinction: The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without further pairings.
  • Stimulus generalization: The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. (ex., if a dog learned to respond to a bell, it might also respond to other similar sounds)
  • Stimulus discrimination: The ability to differentiate between stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

  • Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviour is influenced by consequences.
  • A behaviour that is followed by a reinforcing consequence is more likely to occur again, and a behaviour that is followed by a punishing consequence is less likely to occur.
  • Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
  • Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
  • Primary reinforcers: Unconditioned reinforcers (ex., food, water).
  • Secondary reinforcers: Conditioned reinforcers that gains their value through association with primary reinforcers (ex., money).
  • Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.
  • Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.
  • Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
  • Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
  • Intermittent reinforcement: Reinforcing responses only some of the time, which results in greater resistance to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement.

Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforcements are given after a specific number of responses.
  • Variable-ratio schedule: Reinforcements are given after a varying number of responses.
  • Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforcements are given after a specific period of time has elapsed.
  • Variable-interval schedule: Reinforcements are given after varying periods of time.

Additional Phenomena of Operant Conditioning

  • Extinction: Occurs when behaviours that were previously reinforced are no longer reinforced.
  • Stimulus generalization: The tendency to respond to a new stimulus in the same way as a learned stimulus.
  • Stimulus discrimination: The tendency to respond differently to a new stimulus than to a learned stimulus.

Social Learning

  • Social learning theory emphasizes learning through observation and modeling.
  • Important Concepts:
  • Observation: Learning by watching others' actions and consequences.
  • Modeling: Imitating the observed behaviors .
  • Vicarious reinforcement/punishment: Learning to perform/avoid behaviours based on watching others be reinforced/punished.
  • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully.
  • Self-reinforcement/self-punishment: Reward/punishing themselves for their behaviour.

Bobo Doll Experiment

  • Demonstrated that children learn aggressive behaviors through observation of adult models.
  • Imitation of violent acts observed.

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FPSH1014 Understanding Self and Others Topic 5 - Learning PDF

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Test your knowledge of classical and operant conditioning in this quiz. Explore concepts such as unconditioned stimuli, conditioned responses, and reinforcement types. Challenge yourself with definitions and example scenarios from the world of psychology.

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