Psychology Chapter on Aging and Intelligence
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the decline in fluid intelligence?

  • Age-related changes in brain structure and function. (correct)
  • Decreased exposure to new information and challenges.
  • Reduced motivation and interest in cognitive tasks.
  • A combination of all of the above

Which of the following activities are suggested in the text to help maintain cognitive fitness throughout adulthood?

  • Playing games like chess, mahjong, and completing crossword puzzles. (correct)
  • Watching movies and television shows for entertainment.
  • Playing video games like Fortnite or Call of Duty
  • Engaging in social media interactions and online communities.

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a factor influencing job satisfaction, according to the text?

  • Opportunities for interaction with other people.
  • Interesting and engaging work.
  • Opportunities for advancement within the company.
  • A competitive salary and benefits package. (correct)

What psychological theory is mentioned in the text to explain shifts in social relationships as we age?

<p>Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what is meant by "crystallized intelligence?"

<p>The accumulation of knowledge, skills, and strategies acquired through life experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of grief?

<p>Hope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that can mitigate the physical declines associated with middle and late adulthood?

<p>Engaging in regular exercise and maintaining a healthy diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way that adults define themselves?

<p>By their accomplishments and career success. (A), By their relationships with family, friends, and community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the preoperational stage of development?

<p>Lack of logical reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development does the heart begin to beat?

<p>Embryonic Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to agents that can cause damage to a developing fetus?

<p>Teratogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible outcomes of smoking during pregnancy?

<p>Increased likelihood of stillbirths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do girls generally experience their growth spurt?

<p>8-9 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a psychological concept observed in the preoperational stage?

<p>Egocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves a baby clinging to objects placed in their hands?

<p>Grasping reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development does formal logical reasoning emerge?

<p>Formal Operational Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the least developed sense in newborns at birth?

<p>Vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about prenatal care is correct?

<p>It should include monitoring both mother and fetus health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What development occurs in the brain during the blooming period?

<p>Formation of new neural connections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fetal stage, what primarily develops?

<p>The brain and body size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically begin to show an understanding of object permanence?

<p>8 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does egocentrism manifest in preoperational children?

<p>They cannot understand that others may have different experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motor skills involve large muscle movements such as balancing and running?

<p>Gross motor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive milestone is typically seen in toddlers aged 12-24 months?

<p>Understand who will come back when they leave the room (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main psychosocial milestones of infancy?

<p>Forming health attachments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical components are essential for maternal-infant bonding according to Harlow's experiment?

<p>Comfort and security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what must occur for normal social and emotional development?

<p>The attachment bond must be made with the primary caregiver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following age ranges typically sees the development of basic math skills and understanding of past, present, and future?

<p>6-11 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of children aged 3-5 years old?

<p>Enjoying pretend play and asking 'why?' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as necessary for a healthy attachment bond to form?

<p>Engagement in mutually enjoyable interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the attachment bond defined by Bowlby?

<p>It represents an all-or-nothing process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage is attention span limited until a certain age?

<p>Middle childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of development studied by developmental psychologists?

<p>Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuous development view suggest about human development?

<p>It improves upon existing skills incrementally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature vs nurture debate?

<p>It examines the influence of genetics versus environment on traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>The social nature of development and interpersonal relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normative approach in lifespan development aim to establish?

<p>Average ages for achieving specific developmental milestones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do psychosocial milestones differ from biological milestones?

<p>Psychosocial milestones vary widely across cultures, unlike biological milestones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lifespan development, what does the concept of discontinuous development imply?

<p>There are critical stages at which significant changes occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a question typically addressed by the nature vs nurture debate?

<p>What are the developmental milestones for children? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes a child with a secure attachment style?

<p>The child uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is typically associated with caregivers who are inconsistent in their responses?

<p>Resistant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is commonly exhibited by a child with an avoidant attachment style?

<p>The child shows little reaction to the caregiver's absence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low warmth?

<p>Authoritarian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of children with a disorganized attachment style?

<p>Freezing or running around erratically in response to the caregiver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of authoritative parenting?

<p>Consistent limits with emotional support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a permissive parenting style affect a child’s development?

<p>Children may struggle with authority due to few demands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do peers play during adolescence according to psychosocial development?

<p>They become a primary influence on development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lifespan Development

The study of changes and consistencies throughout a person's life.

Domains of Development

Three areas studied in lifespan development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.

Physical Development

Changes in the body, brain, senses, motor skills, and health throughout life.

Cognitive Development

The development of learning, memory, language, and reasoning skills over time.

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Psychosocial Development

Emotional, personality, and social relationship changes as we grow.

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Continuous Development

The perspective that development is a gradual accumulation of skills over time.

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Discontinuous Development

The view that development occurs in distinct stages at specific times or ages.

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Nature vs Nurture

The debate on the influence of genetics (nature) versus environment (nurture) on development.

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Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

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Stranger anxiety

A fear of unfamiliar people, common in infants.

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Egocentrism

Inability to see situations from another's perspective; common in preoperational stage.

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Concrete operational stage

A developmental stage where logical thought begins, focusing on concrete events.

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Formal operational stage

A stage where abstract reasoning and moral reasoning develop.

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Germinal stage

The first two weeks of prenatal development; formation of the zygote and initial cell division.

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Embryonic stage

Weeks 3-8 of prenatal development where the embryo forms and organs begin to function.

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Teratogen

Any harmful agent capable of causing birth defects during prenatal development.

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Smoking effects on newborns

Smoking can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, stillbirths, and SIDS.

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Newborn reflexes

Automatic responses helping newborns survive; include rooting, sucking, and grasping.

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Rooting reflex

When touched on the cheek, a baby turns their head to find a nipple.

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Moro reflex

A startle reaction where a baby spreads arms and pulls them back when startled.

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Neural blooming and pruning

Blooming: growth of neural connections; Pruning: reducing connections for efficiency.

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Fine motor skills

Small muscle movements for precise actions like gripping or writing.

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Gross motor skills

Larger muscle movements for activities like running and balancing.

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Cognitive milestones at 6-12 months

Babies can shake their head, respond to requests, and start to understand object permanence.

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Attachment

A long-standing connection or bond with others.

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Harlow's Monkeys

Experiment showing comfort and security are vital to bonds.

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Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Attachment must be with primary caregiver for healthy development.

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Secure Base

Parental presence that offers safety for exploration.

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Developmental Milestones (3-5 years)

Children learn to count, name colors, and understand basic time concepts.

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Developmental Milestones (6-11 years)

Thinking becomes logical; kids understand past, present, future, and can plan.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have different thoughts and feelings.

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Early Adulthood

A life stage from ages 20 to 40 when physical abilities peak.

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Middle Adulthood

Age range of 40 to 60 characterized by gradual physical decline.

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Late Adulthood

The life stage starting at 60, marked by significant declines in physical abilities.

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Crystalized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills gained through experience that tend to improve with age.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to process information, reasoning, and memory that may decline with age.

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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Theory that as we age, our social circles may shrink but close relationships deepen.

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Stages of Grief

Five emotional stages experienced during grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

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Physical Declines Mitigation

Proper exercise, nutrition, and active lifestyles can minimize aging effects.

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Strange Situation

A procedure used to observe attachment styles in children through a series of separations and reunions with their caregiver.

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Secure Attachment

A style where the child uses the parent as a secure base, showing distress when the parent leaves and joy upon return.

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Avoidant Attachment

A style where the child is unresponsive to the parent and doesn’t show distress when the parent leaves.

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Resistant Attachment

A style characterized by clingy behavior but rejecting the caregiver’s attempts to comfort on return.

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Disorganized Attachment

A style where the child displays odd behaviors towards the caregiver, often a sign of trauma or abuse.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style that is warm and reasonable, setting limits while being responsive to children's needs.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A strict parenting style with high demands, little warmth, and an emphasis on obedience.

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Permissive Parenting

A style where parents make few demands and rarely enforce rules or punishment.

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Study Notes

Lifespan Development

  • Lifespan development studies how people change and remain the same throughout their lives.
  • Developmental psychologists study development across three domains:
    • Physical development (growth, body changes, senses, motor skills, health).
    • Cognitive development (learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, creativity).
    • Psychosocial development (emotions, personality, social relationships).
  • The normative approach studies large groups of children to determine average ages for reaching developmental milestones.
    • Biological milestones (e.g., puberty) are universal.
    • Social milestones (e.g., starting school) vary across cultures.
  • Continuous development views development as gradual improvement of existing skills (e.g., height increases annually).
  • Discontinuous development views development as occurring in distinct stages (e.g., Piaget's stages of cognitive development).

Nature vs. Nurture

  • The nature vs. nurture debate examines the influence of genetics and environment on personality and traits.
  • This debate is explored through studies of twins and adoption.
  • Both factors are essential for development; however, their relative contributions are debated.

Theories of Development

  • Key theories include psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, cognitive theory, and the theory of moral development.

Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)

  • Erikson emphasizes the social nature of development, which occurs across the lifespan, not just in childhood.
  • Social interactions affect self-concept (ego identity).
  • Each stage involves mastering a psychosocial task to feel competent.
  • Erikson proposed eight stages of development, each with associated age ranges and tasks

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

  • (See page 8 for detailed table)*

Cognitive Theory (Piaget)

  • Piaget focused on children's cognitive growth, theorizing that it follows specific stages.
  • Children develop schemata (mental models) to understand the world.
  • Assimilation (incorporation of new info into existing schemata) and accommodation (modifying existing schemata to fit new info) are key concepts.
  • Piaget proposed different stages of cognitive development.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • (See page 10 for detailed table)*

Prenatal Development

  • Germinal stage (weeks 1-2): Zygote forms, mitosis occurs, cells specialize.
  • Embryonic stage (weeks 3-8): Implantation in the uterine wall, organs develop, embryo forms.
  • Fetal stage (weeks 9-40): Brain develops, body grows, major organ systems mature.
  • (See pages 12 and 13 for detailed information including specific developments at various weeks)*

Prenatal Influences

  • Teratogens are environmental agents that can cause damage to an embryo or fetus (e.g., alcohol, drugs, smoking, radiation).
  • Prenatal care is essential for monitoring the health of the mother and developing fetus.

Newborns

  • Newborn reflexes (like rooting, sucking, grasping, Moro) help newborns survive.
  • Sensory abilities are not fully developed at birth, with vision being the least developed sense.
  • Newborns prefer their mothers' voices and smells.

Physical Development

  • Growth is rapid during infancy, then slows down at 4-6 and during adolescence there is a spurt.
  • Blooming and pruning periods in neural development are crucial for brain efficiency.
  • Motor skills develop in a sequential manner, becoming more refined over time with fine motor skills and gross motor skills developing in coordination.

Cognitive Milestones

  • Key cognitive milestones occur throughout childhood.
  • Infants develop object permanence (understanding objects exist even when out of sight).
  • Toddlers begin to form their own sense of self Toddlers and preschoolers begin to understand the basic ideas of time, colors, and numbers.
  • Children in middle/late childhood (6-11) understand past, present, future, cause and effect relationships, and fundamental mathematics.
  • (See page 17 for specific age-related milestones.)*

Psychosocial Development: Attachment

  • Attachment is a long-lasting emotional bond between individuals.
  • Attachment bonds between parents and infants are fundamental psychosocial milestones.
  • Factors like sensitivity and responsiveness of caregivers significantly affect attachment types.
  • Harlow's research with monkeys highlighted the importance of comfort and security in attachment.
  • Bowlby developed attachment theory, emphasizing the role of primary caregivers.
  • Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure identified different attachment styles (secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, disorganized).

Psychosocial Development: Parenting Styles

  • Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved) affect child development and self-concept
  • Warm, healthy parent-child relationships are linked to better academic performance and fewer behavioral issues.

Adolescence

  • Peers play a significant role in adolescent development.
  • Adolescence is characterized by physical changes (puberty; adrenarche, gonadarche; menarche, spermarche; growth spurt) , cognitive changes (abstract reasoning, theory of mind), and psychosocial changes (identity formation).

Emerging Adulthood

  • Emerging adulthood (18-mid 20s) is a newly defined stage of development.
  • Identity exploration (in work and love) is central.

Adulthood: Physical Development

  • Physical abilities peak in early adulthood, then gradually decline in middle and late adulthood.
  • Menopause marks a significant physical change for women in middle adulthood.

Adulthood: Cognitive Development

  • Crystallized intelligence remains steady or improves in adulthood, while fluid intelligence declines.
  • Cognitive activities (e.g., games, puzzles) can maintain mental acuity.

Adulthood: Psychosocial Development

  • Adults often define themselves through their work and/or family relationships.
  • Socioemotional selectivity theory explains that relationships become more selective and close in later adulthood.

Death and Dying

  • Culture and individual backgrounds affect how people view death.
  • Kubler-Ross identified five stages of grief.

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This quiz covers key concepts from psychology related to aging, fluid and crystallized intelligence, and cognitive fitness. It also addresses stages of grief and developmental milestones. Test your understanding of these essential topics!

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