Aging and Development: Psychology Insights

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Questions and Answers

These differences reflect the ______ in the lives of adults.

heterogeneity

One of the primary types of research in developmental psychology is the ______ study.

longitudinal

This particular kind of research, called ______ studies, can be susceptible to effects related to history.

cross-sectional

This skill, called ______, normally declines as people age.

<p>inhibitory functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Declines in ______ have been well-established by research.

<p>recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality traits has been found to predict important life outcomes?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bess's behavior is consistent with Carstensen's ______ theory.

<p>Socioemotional Selectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

About ______ percent of the variance in life spans is accounted for by genes.

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three criteria for successful aging defined by Rowe and Kahn?

<p>Active engagement in social and productive activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does age identity refer to?

<p>How old or young people feel compared to their chronological age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are autobiographical narratives?

<p>A qualitative research method used to understand characteristics and life themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is average life expectancy?

<p>Mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cohort?

<p>Group of people typically born in the same year or historical period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Convoy Model of Social Relations?

<p>Theory that proposes changes in social exchanges with age and their impact on health and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cross-sectional studies?

<p>Research method that provides information about age group differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crystallized intelligence?

<p>Type of intellectual ability that relies on knowledge and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid intelligence?

<p>Type of intelligence that relies on information processing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is global subjective well-being?

<p>Individuals' perceptions of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hedonic well-being?

<p>Component of well-being that refers to emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heterogeneity mean in the context of aging?

<p>Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inhibitory functioning?

<p>Ability to focus on a subset of information while suppressing less relevant information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intra- and inter-individual differences?

<p>Differences observed within an individual (intra-) or between individuals (inter-).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are life course theories?

<p>Theories that highlight the effects of social expectations and historical events on development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are life span theories?

<p>Theories that emphasize differences in change trajectories across the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are longitudinal studies?

<p>Research method that collects information from individuals at multiple time points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is processing speed?

<p>The time it takes individuals to perform cognitive operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychometric approach?

<p>Approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recall?

<p>Type of memory task where individuals remember previously learned information without cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recognition?

<p>Type of memory task where individuals remember information with the assistance of cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are self-perceptions of aging?

<p>An individual's perceptions of their own aging process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social network?

<p>Network of people with whom an individual is closely connected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explain?

<p>Reduction of social partners in older adulthood focusing on emotional needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is subjective age?

<p>How old (or young) a person feels and which age group they categorize themselves into.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is successful aging?

<p>Includes avoiding disease, maintaining high functioning, and having an engaged lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is working memory?

<p>Memory system that allows for simultaneous storage and manipulation of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Aging and Development

  • Aging reflects heterogeneity, indicating diverse experiences and life choices among individuals.
  • Longitudinal studies monitor the same individuals over time, providing insights into developmental changes.

Research Methods in Psychology

  • Cross-sectional studies compare different age groups, but may confound with cohort effects and historical context.
  • Inhibitory functioning declines with age, affecting the ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.
  • Recognition and recall are two memory tasks, with recognition generally being easier due to cues.

Cognitive Abilities

  • Crystallized intelligence involves applying knowledge and experience, whereas fluid intelligence relates to problem-solving and reasoning in novel situations.
  • Processing speed declines as age increases, affecting cognitive operations and efficiency.

Influences on Well-being

  • Conscientiousness predicts positive life outcomes, including job success and longevity.
  • Subjective age influences self-perception of aging; individuals often feel younger than their chronological age, impacting their well-being.
  • Global subjective well-being encompasses overall life satisfaction and perceptions, while hedonic well-being addresses emotional experiences.

Social Dynamics and Aging

  • Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains older adults' focus on emotionally fulfilling relationships rather than a broad social network.
  • Autobiographical narratives help in understanding an individual's unique life themes and identity.

Aging and Life Expectancy

  • Genetic factors account for approximately 25% of variance in life expectancy, with other social and environmental factors also playing significant roles.
  • Successful aging involves avoiding disease, maintaining cognitive and physical functions, and being actively engaged in life.

Theories and Models of Aging

  • Life course theories examine social expectations and the cumulative impact of life experiences within cohorts.
  • Convoy Model of Social Relations highlights how social exchanges evolve with age and their effects on well-being.

Memory and Intelligence

  • Working memory is crucial for tasks requiring information manipulation, and declines in inhibitory functioning and recognition help explain age-related cognitive changes.
  • Differences in developmental patterns can be intra- (within an individual) or inter- (between individuals).

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