Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ______ model suggests behavior is caused by a biological or environmental vulnerability coupled with a trigger.
The ______ model suggests behavior is caused by a biological or environmental vulnerability coupled with a trigger.
Diathesis-Stress
Epigenetics refers to changes in genetic activity without changing the ______ themselves.
Epigenetics refers to changes in genetic activity without changing the ______ themselves.
genes
Nature refers to inherited influences or ______.
Nature refers to inherited influences or ______.
heredity
Nurture refers to the influence of experience and the ______.
Nurture refers to the influence of experience and the ______.
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Heritability ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating genes contribute almost nothing to individual differences and ______ signifying genes are the whole cause.
Heritability ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating genes contribute almost nothing to individual differences and ______ signifying genes are the whole cause.
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Adoption studies separate the influences of ______ and nurture.
Adoption studies separate the influences of ______ and nurture.
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If adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents, it suggests that ______ is the bigger influence.
If adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents, it suggests that ______ is the bigger influence.
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A meta-analysis of adoption studies found that genetic influences accounted for ______ percent of the variance in aggression.
A meta-analysis of adoption studies found that genetic influences accounted for ______ percent of the variance in aggression.
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Epigenetics provides support for the debate about ______ and nurture.
Epigenetics provides support for the debate about ______ and nurture.
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The Dutch Hunger Winter resulted in women who were pregnant during the famine having children with twice the risk of developing ______.
The Dutch Hunger Winter resulted in women who were pregnant during the famine having children with twice the risk of developing ______.
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The nature-nurture debate has real-world application, such as in understanding the heritability of ______.
The nature-nurture debate has real-world application, such as in understanding the heritability of ______.
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Nativists suggest that anatomy is destiny, while empiricists believe that all behaviors can be changed by altering ______ conditions.
Nativists suggest that anatomy is destiny, while empiricists believe that all behaviors can be changed by altering ______ conditions.
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John Bowlby claimed that a baby's attachment type is determined by the warmth and continuity of ______ love.
John Bowlby claimed that a baby's attachment type is determined by the warmth and continuity of ______ love.
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Study Notes
Adoption Studies
- Adoption studies isolate nature and nurture influences.
- If adopted children resemble adoptive parents, environment is more influential.
- If adopted children resemble biological parents, genetics are more influential.
- A meta-analysis found genetic influences account for 41% of aggression variance.
- This method shows how to separate nature and nurture influences.
- However, a counterpoint is that nature and nurture interact.
- People actively choose environments suitable for their traits (niche-picking).
Epigenetics
- Epigenetics is a strength of the nature-nurture debate.
- Environmental effects can span generations via epigenetic effects.
- The Dutch Hunger Winter (1944) is an example.
- Famine during pregnancy led to low birth weight babies.
- These babies had a higher likelihood of schizophrenia later.
- This shows prior generations' experiences leave epigenetic markers influencing offspring health.
Real-world Application
- The nature-nurture debate has real-world applications.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is highly heritable (76% heritability).
- Genetic risk understanding guides genetic counseling.
- Knowing heritability helps advise those with high risk on reducing disorder likelihood.
- Demonstrates the practical importance of understanding nature and nurture interactions.
Implications of the Debate
- Nativists (nature-focused) suggest genetics determine behavior.
- This view has led to controversial ideas like linking ethnicity, genetics, and intelligence.
- Nativist ideas have been used to support eugenic policies.
- Empiricists (nurture-focused) suggest behaviors can change with environmental alterations.
- Behavior shaping, a behaviourist principle, has therapeutic application.
- This involves reinforcing desirable behaviors and punishing undesirable ones.
Interactionist Approach
- The nature-nurture debate is not about one or the other.
- Any behavior inherently combines nature and nurture influences.
- The nature-nurture debate is about the relative contributions of each influence.
- Psychologists now primarily consider how nature and nurture interact in a complex way.
Diathesis-Stress Model
- The diathesis-stress model suggests behavior is caused by vulnerabilities and triggers.
- A vulnerability (diathesis) is a biological or environmental predisposition.
- A trigger (stressor) is a biological or environmental event.
- A combination of predisposition and trigger leads to behavioral expressions.
- This model acknowledges interactions between predisposition and environment.
Epigenetics
- Epigenetics are changes in gene activity without altering the genes themselves.
- These changes are influenced by environmental events (lifestyle choices, trauma, etc).
- The effect of events can be transgenerational, meaning past experiences affect future generations.
- Factors like smoking and trauma leave marks on DNA.
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Description
Explore the complex interplay of genetics and environment in shaping behavior through adoption studies and epigenetics. This quiz examines how these factors influence traits and health across generations. Understand the implications of nature and nurture on psychological attributes.
