Psychology Chapter: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Questions and Answers

What are the potential adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics?

  • GI distress, fine hand tremors, polyuria, weight gain, nephrotoxicity, hypothyroidism, bradydysrhythmias, hypotension, and electrolyte imbalances
  • Diabetes, weight gain, hypercholesterolemia, orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects, and Mild EPS effects (correct)
  • Extrapyramidal symptoms(dystonia, akathisia, and TD), orthostatic hypotension, sedation, sexual dysfunction, agranulocytosis, anticholinergic effects, and photosensitivity
  • Sedation, lightheadedness, ataxia, and withdrawal

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical antipsychotic drug?

  • Risperidone (correct)
  • Thioridazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Chlorpromazine

    • Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT thought to be involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease?

  • Glutamate (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Somatostatin

    • Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of lithium?

    <p>Decreased appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Sedation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about MAOIs?

    <p>They are the most effective treatment for major depression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved in panic disorder?

    <p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the limbic system in OCD?

    <p>It is involved in the regulation of emotions and behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of SSRIs?

    <p>Sexual dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of civil law?

    <p>Criminal law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for the contraction of the uterus during labor?

    <p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for the stimulation of secretion of cortisol?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of CNS stimulants?

    <p>Weight loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical adverse effect of anticonvulsants?

    <p>Gastrointestinal distress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of antidepressant medication?

    <p>Benzodiazepine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the fight-or-flight response?

    <p>The hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to physical changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by the body's attempt to adapt to the stressor?

    <p>Resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of moderate anxiety?

    <p>Increased perceptual field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between delayed grief and distorted grief?

    <p>Delayed grief involves a delayed response to the loss, while distorted grief involves exaggerated grief reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of schizophrenia?

    <p>Increased prolactin levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of bipolar disorder?

    <p>Alternating periods of mania and depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical principle emphasizes the duty to promote the good of others?

    <p>Beneficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is based on the notion of a hypothetical social contract between free and equal individuals?

    <p>Justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of admission is the patient considered competent and has the right to refuse treatment?

    <p>Voluntary admission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary exception to the laws of privacy and confidentiality in mental health care?

    <p>Duty to warn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a patient right in mental health care?

    <p>Right to a lawyer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the denial stage of grief?

    <p>A sense of disbelief and shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of chronic/prolonged grief?

    <p>Intense and persistent preoccupation with the loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that suggests a genetic link to mental illness?

    <p>Environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that requires healthcare providers to always be truthful?

    <p>Veracity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pituitary gland in the sustained stress response?

    <p>The pituitary gland releases hormones that produce specific effects on the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Physiological Needs

    Basic fundamental needs like food, water, and shelter.

    Safety Needs

    Needs that include avoiding harm and maintaining comfort.

    Love Needs

    Needs for affection, companionship, and belonging.

    Self-Esteem

    Desire for self-respect and recognition from others.

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    Self-Actualization

    The realization of one's full potential and fulfillment.

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    Fight or Flight Syndrome

    The body's immediate response to stressors.

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    Stages of Grief

    The emotional phases experienced after a loss.

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    Mild Anxiety

    A state that prepares for action and heightens awareness.

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    Panic Anxiety

    An intense state where one loses contact with reality.

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    Schizophrenia

    A mental disorder with symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.

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    Depressive Disorders

    Mental disorders characterized by persistent sadness.

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    Informed Consent

    The right to understanding and agreeing to medical treatment.

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    Right to Treatment

    Entitlement to receive proper care in healthcare facilities.

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    Voluntary Admission

    When a patient seeks admission to a treatment facility willingly.

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    Duty to Warn

    A legal obligation to protect a third party's safety.

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    Common Law

    Law derived from court decisions, evolving over time.

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    Civil Law

    Legal system protecting private rights and property of individuals.

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    Torts

    Civil wrongs causing harm to individuals, leading to legal claims.

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    Criminal Law

    Law protecting public welfare and punishing offenders.

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    Contracts

    Legally enforceable agreements between parties, breaches lead to legal action.

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    Antidiuretic Hormone

    Hormone that conserves body water and regulates blood pressure.

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    Oxytocin

    Hormone involved in uterine contractions and milk release.

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    Growth Hormone

    Hormone promoting growth in children and protein synthesis in adults.

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    Anorexia Nervosa

    Eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight.

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    SSRI

    Antidepressants that increase serotonin levels to treat depression.

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    Benzodiazepines

    Sedatives used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.

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    Lithium

    Medication used to treat bipolar disorder and prevent manic episodes.

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    Atypical Antipsychotics

    Medications for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics.

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    MAOI

    A class of antidepressants that require dietary restrictions due to potential side effects.

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    Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

    Hormone stimulating cortisol release, involved in stress response.

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    Study Notes

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Physiological Needs: Basic fundamental needs like food, air, water, sleep, exercise, elimination, shelter, and sexual expression.

    • Safety: Avoiding harm, maintaining comfort, order, structure, and freedom from fear.

    • Love: Giving and receiving affection, companionship, interpersonal relationships, and belonging to a group.

    • Self-Esteem: Seeking self-respect and respect from others, striving for success and recognition.

    • Self-Actualization: Feeling of self-fulfillment; reaching full potential.

    Mental Health

    • Successful adaptation to internal or external stressors, evidenced by age-appropriate and culturally-normative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

    Mental Illness

    • Maladaptive responses to stressors, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors incongruent with cultural norms, interfering with social, occupational, or physical functioning.

    Fight or Flight Syndrome

    • Immediate: Hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to physical effects.

    • Sustained: Prolonged stress; hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones, causing effects.

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Alarm: Fight-or-flight response occurs.

    • Resistance: Attempts to adapt to the stressor.

    • Exhaustion: Prolonged exposure to the stressor; without intervention, exhaustion or death can result.

    Anxiety Levels

    • Mild Anxiety: Seldom a problem; sharpens senses, increases motivation, and expands awareness.

    • Moderate Anxiety: Perceptual field narrows; attention span and concentration decrease.

    • Severe Anxiety: Focus narrows to one detail or many extraneous details; attention span is extremely limited; behavior aims at relieving anxiety.

    • Panic Anxiety: Most intense state; inability to focus, loss of contact with reality, misperceptions, and possible hallucinations or delusions; feeling of terror; can be life-threatening.

    Stages of Grief

    • Denial: Shock and disbelief.

    • Anger: Loss displaced on environment or internalized.

    • Bargaining: Promises made to delay the loss.

    • Depression: Full impact of loss is felt.

    • Acceptance: Resignation to the loss.

    • Delayed/Inhibited Grief: Absence of grief when expected; potentially pathological; fixing on denial stage; delaying return to satisfying life.

    • Distorted Grief: Exaggerated symptoms. Fixing on anger stage; can lead to depression.

    • Chronic/Prolonged Grief: Intense preoccupation years after loss; caution necessary; can prevent daily activities.

    Schizophrenia

    • Biological factors: frontal cortex, temporal lobes, and limbic system involved; dopamine hyperactivity; decreased glutamate; decreased prolactin levels; possible correlation with antipsychotic medications and lowest prolactin levels.
    • Genetics: Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest a genetic link.

    Depressive Disorders

    • Biological factors: Frontal lobes, limbic system, and temporal lobes involved; decreased norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin; increased glutamate; increased cortisol and thyroid hormone; increased melatonin.
    • Genetics: Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest a genetic link.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Biological factors: Frontal lobes, limbic system, and temporal lobes involved; increased norepinephrine and dopamine in acute mania; elevated thyroid hormones may manifest as manic symptoms; abnormal circadian rhythms correlated.
    • Genetics: Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest a genetic link.

    Principles of Ethics

    • Autonomy: Respecting patients' rights to determine their destinies.

    • Beneficence: Duty to benefit others.

    • Nonmaleficence: Avoiding harm and acting carefully.

    • Justice: Treating all individuals equally and fairly.

    • Veracity: Truthfulness.

    Admission Types

    • Voluntary Admission: Sought by patient or guardian; patient can demand release; many states require written notice of intent to leave. Patient is competent and can refuse treatment.

    • Involuntary Admission: Made without patient consent; commonly due to imminently dangerous behaviors (suicidal or homicidal) or inability to care for basic needs.

    • Emergency Commitment: Time-limited with court hearing scheduled within 72 hours. Individuals are clearly and imminently dangerous to themselves or others.

    Patient Rights

    • Right to Treatment: Medical and psychiatric care provided.

    • Right to Refuse Treatment: Withholding or withdrawing consent for treatment.

    • Right to Least Restrictive Treatment Alternative: Outpatient treatment preferred; hospitalization only if other methods are unsuccessful.

    • Informed Consent: Essential; must be obtained to perform treatment; psychosis doesn't preclude the right.

    Confidentiality

    • Limits access to client information to those involved in care. Written consent required for sharing with outside parties.

    • Duty to Warn: Exception to confidentiality to protect third parties.

    • Statutory Law: Legislative enactments like nurse practice acts.

    • Common Law: Principles derived from previous court decisions.

    • Civil Law: Protects private rights and allows lawsuit for breach of tort or contract.

    • Torts: Wrongful conduct causing harm; seeks compensation.

    • Contracts: Breach of agreement; seeks compensation or performance.

    • Criminal Law: Protects public welfare and punishes those who engage in injurious conduct.

    Hormones

    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Conserves water and maintains blood pressure.

    • Oxytocin: Uterine contractions and milk release.

    • Growth Hormone: Growth in children; protein synthesis in adults.

    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone for metabolism and temperature regulation.

    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates cortisol for stress response.

    • Prolactin: Milk production.

    • Gonadotropic Hormones: Stimulate estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone; role in ovulation and sperm production.

    • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: Stimulates melatonin secretion.

    Specific Disorders

    • Panic Disorder: Limbic system and midbrain, increase in norepinephrine, decreased GABA, elevated thyroid hormones, genetic link suggested.
    • Anorexia Nervosa: Limbic system (hypothalamus), low norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, low gonadotropins and growth hormone, high cortisol, genetic link suggested.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Limbic system and basal ganglia; low serotonin; increased cortisol; twin studies suggest a possible genetic link.
    • Alzheimer's Disease: Temporal, parietal, and occipital regions of the cortex; hippocampus; decreased acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and somatostatin; decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone; familial predisposition, genetic markers.

    Medications

    • Typical Antipsychotics: (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Fluphenazine) Treat psychosis, schizophrenia, and others; adverse effects like EPS, hypotension, sedation; administer anticholinergic and beta blockers for EPS control.

    • Atypical Antipsychotics: (Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Clozapine, Ziprasidone) Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and others; adverse effects like diabetes, weight gain, orthostatic hypotension, EPS. Clozapine-suppresses bone marrow, Ziprasidone-QT prolongation.

    • Lithium: Bipolar disorder, alcoholism; adverse effects like GI distress, tremors, polyuria; monitor lithium levels (0.6-1.2).

    • Anticonvulsants: (Carbamazepine, valproic acid, Lamotrigine) – Treat bipolar disorders; adverse effects include double vision, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity, SJS.

    • Benzodiazepines: (Diazepam, Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate): Anxiety, seizures, insomnia; adverse effects include sedation, lightheadedness. Schedule IV, do not use with respiratory depression or substance abuse.

    • CNS Stimulants: (Methylphenidate, Amphetamine): ADHD, conduct disorder; adverse effects include abuse, CNS stimulation, weight loss, dysrhythmias, chest pain, and hypertension.

    • Buspirone: Anxiety adjunct; adverse effects are minimal CNS depression; grape juice may increase effects.

    • SSRIs: (Fluoxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Paroxetine, Sertraline): Major depression, OCD, bulimia, PTSD; adverse effects include sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome, and GI bleeding.

    • MAOIs: (Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Tranylcypromine, Selegiline): Atypical depression, bulimia, OCD; adverse effects include hypertensive crisis (monitor tyramine intake).

    • TCAs: (Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Amoxapine): Depression; adverse effects include hypotension, anticholinergic effects, sedation, and sweating.

    • Atypical Antidepressants: (Bupropion, Duloxetine, Mirtazapine, Venlafaxine): Depression, smoking cessation. Adverse effects include suppression of appetite, dry mouth, GI distress, tachycardia, insomnia, and seizures.

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    Test your knowledge on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and related concepts in mental health. Explore the various needs from physiological to self-actualization, and understand their importance in psychological well-being. Assess your understanding of key terms and theories associated with human behavior and mental illness.

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