Psychology Chapter: Long Term Memory
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Questions and Answers

Which type of memory requires no or little cues available for retrieval?

  • Explicit Memory - Recall (correct)
  • Procedural Memory
  • Explicit Memory - Recognition
  • Implicit Memory

    • Recognition tasks rely heavily on retrieval paths being available.

    True

    What is the term for the facilitation of response due to prior exposure to a stimulus?

    Priming

    In indirect memory tasks, the completion of a word stem is referred to as __________.

    <p>stem-completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Priming = Facilitation due to prior exposure Repetition Priming = Faster response for previously presented stimulus Recall = Producing items from memory Recognition = Identifying previously presented items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of long-term memory compared to working memory?

    <p>Unlimited duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ebbinghaus studied meaningful syllables to research long-term memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where memory retrieval is enhanced when encoding and retrieval conditions match?

    <p>encoding specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ebbinghaus found that we lose about half of the new information we learn in a _____

    <p>day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Explicit Memory = Memory with conscious recall Implicit Memory = Memory without conscious awareness Amnesia = Loss of memory functions Processing Fluency = Ease of processing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory, what does 'savings' refer to?

    <p>The improvement of memory recall due to rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an indirect memory task based on word recognition?

    <p>Word naming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Context-dependent learning indicates that memory performance is not influenced by environmental conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Implicit memory is influenced by depth of processing effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is measured by recognizing whether a word was presented in a prior list?

    <p>Explicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the main finding from Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting.

    <p>Forgetting occurs rapidly and slows over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study by Jacoby and Dallas provided evidence for different types of long-term memory stores by demonstrating the effects of ____ on explicit memory.

    <p>Depth of Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Dissociation = A disruption in one cognitive process without affecting another Priming = Faster recognition of a previously seen word Explicit Memory = Memory that requires conscious thought Implicit Memory = Memory that does not require conscious recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Jacoby & Dallas's study, what did the Implicit memory task involve?

    <p>Masked word presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'faster reaction time' refers to an implicit memory effect seen in repetition priming.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one physiological or emotional reaction that is a characteristic of Classical Conditioning.

    <p>Conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by sensory details, time, and personal experiences?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic Memory is associated with sensory details and sources of memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the facilitation of response time due to prior exposure to a stimulus?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher frequency words have higher __________ rates compared to low frequency words.

    <p>resting activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:

    <p>Episodic Memory = Personal experiences and sensory details Semantic Memory = General knowledge, no sensory details Implicit Memory = Unconscious and automatic Explicit Memory = Conscious, declarative knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstance is sub-threshold activation of learned material most likely to occur?

    <p>In the same learning context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spreading activation occurs only when individuals are consciously aware of it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the connections that are strengthened between the context and the learned material?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amnesia involves the inability to store and/or retrieve new explicit information?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People with amnesia have impaired implicit memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one cause of retrograde amnesia.

    <p>Brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'False Fame' study was conducted by __________.

    <p>Jacoby, Kelley, Brown, and Jasechko</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Retrograde Amnesia = Inability to recall information before an event Anterograde Amnesia = Inability to create new memories Korsakoff’s Syndrome = Thiamine deficiency causing memory issues Double Dissociation = Reciprocal patterns of disruption between explicit and implicit memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Bechara et al., 1995 study, what type of memory was impaired in the patient with hippocampus damage?

    <p>Explicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with damage to the amygdala retains both explicit memory and implicit memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the hippocampus in memory?

    <p>To facilitate the storage and retrieval of new explicit memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Long Term Memory

    • Long Term Memory stores all knowledge
    • LTM has theoretically unlimited capacity and duration
    • LTM is difficult to access
    • Working memory (WM) has limited capacity (7 +/- 2)
    • WM is a transient store that lasts approximately 1 minute

    Ebbinghaus

    • Ebbinghaus is the founder of scientific research on LTM
    • Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to minimize prior knowledge
    • Ebbinghaus used CVCs (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) to represent nonsense syllables
    • Ebbinghaus used himself as a subject measuring relearning time intervals

    Savings

    • Reviewing material prevents forgetting
    • Higher review rates lead to stronger memories

    Encoding Specificity

    • Memories are best retrieved when encoding conditions match retrieval conditions
    • Memories are information rich, consisting of learning material and learning context
    • Context can be internal (mental, physiological) or external (location, surroundings)

    Spreading Activation

    • Connections between context and learned material are strengthened through learning
    • The use of cues (context) during testing sub-threshold activates the material in LTM, helping retrieval
    • Higher frequency words have a higher resting activation rate

    Priming

    • Priming is the facilitation of a response due to prior exposure of a stimulus
    • Priming does not require conscious awareness
    • Repetition Priming occurs when the second presentation of a stimulus is faster and more accurate

    Explicit Memory

    • Explicit Memory is conscious and declarative
    • Episodic memory is tied to sensory details, time, and source of memory
    • Semantic memory is general knowledge and is not tied to sensory details or time

    Explicit Memory Testing

    • Recall requires producing items/info with little cues
    • Recognition requires identifying items/info with provided cues

    Implicit Memory

    • Implicit memory is unconscious and non-declarative
    • Implicit memory can be tested using indirect measures

    Procedural Memory

    • Part of implicit memory that involves motor skills and habits

    Implicit Memory Testing

    • Priming is the facilitation (e.g.Reaction Time, Accuracy) of a response to a stimulus or related stimulus due to prior exposure to the stimulus.
    • Repetition Priming is faster and more accurate when a stimulus is presented a second time
    • Stem/Fragment Completion (e.g. complete this word "CLA-") leverages prior word exposures.
    • Word Naming involves measuring the speed at which words presented in a list are spoken
    • Lexical Decision involves measuring the reaction time to identifying a word

    Perceptual Learning

    • Improvements in perceptual ability over time can be seen in novices and experts in tasks involving speech sounds, face recognition, and taste

    Classical Conditioning

    • Involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
    • Can lead to physiological and emotional reactions

    Jacoby & Dallas

    • Jacoby & Dallas demonstrated separate LTM stores for explicit and implicit memories through a double dissociation
    • Their work shows that depth of processing affects explicit memory, but not Implicit Memory.

    Double Dissociation

    • A disruption in one cognitive process but with no impairment in another
    • A reciprocal pattern of disruption (e.g. Patient HM had a disruption in explicit memory, but intact implicit memory.)

    Retrograde Amnesia

    • Loss of Explicit memory of past events
    • Can occur from brain damage, disease, or trauma
    • Associated with the psychiatric disorder "fugue"

    Anterograde Amnesia

    • Inability to store and retrieve new memories
    • Involves the inability to remember new things for more than 1 minute without rehearsal
    • Damage to the hippocampus (e.g., H.M.) is a common cause
    • Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1)

    Amnesia and Dissociation

    • Amnesia demonstrates a distinction between explicit and implicit memory
    • People with amnesia can show functional implicit memory

    Bechara et al., 1995

    • A double dissociation was demonstrated between explicit and implicit memory
    • Patient 1 (P1) had damage to the hippocampus with an intact amygdala (like H.M.)
    • Patient 2 (P2) had damage to the amygdala with an intact hippocampus (like MH)
    • Both patients were classically conditioned with a blue light and a boat horn
    • Explicit memory was tested by asking participants questions about the blue light
    • Implicit memory was tested by measuring participants' fear response to the blue light
    • The double dissociation was demonstrated when P1 had implicit memory but no explicit memory, whereas P2 showed explicit memory with no implicit memory.

    Feelings of Familiarity

    • “False Fame” Study suggests that feelings of familiarity can be mistaken for recognition.
    • Participants were presented with non-famous names and were asked to rate their fame. Some participants showed that they were able to remember the non-famous name (e.g. "This name sounds familiar") and were likely to mislabel them as famous.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate mechanisms of Long Term Memory (LTM) in this quiz, which includes theories by Ebbinghaus and concepts like encoding specificity and spreading activation. Test your understanding of memory capacity, retrieval conditions, and the importance of review for strong memories.

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