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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the time span covered by Long-Term Memory?
Which of the following best describes the time span covered by Long-Term Memory?
What is the primary distinction between Declarative Memory and Implicit Memory?
What is the primary distinction between Declarative Memory and Implicit Memory?
Which of the following memories would be considered part of a person's Long-Term Memory?
Which of the following memories would be considered part of a person's Long-Term Memory?
What is the primary function of encoding in relation to memory?
What is the primary function of encoding in relation to memory?
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Which of the following types of memory is most likely to be affected by an injury to the hippocampus?
Which of the following types of memory is most likely to be affected by an injury to the hippocampus?
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What is the process of placing information into the long-term memory called?
What is the process of placing information into the long-term memory called?
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Which of these is an ineffective method of transferring information into the long-term memory?
Which of these is an ineffective method of transferring information into the long-term memory?
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What is the name of the theory that suggests that memories are dependent on how deeply information is processed?
What is the name of the theory that suggests that memories are dependent on how deeply information is processed?
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How can you use elaborative rehearsal to help remember a phone number?
How can you use elaborative rehearsal to help remember a phone number?
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Which of these situations demonstrates the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?
Which of these situations demonstrates the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?
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Why is repeating a complex piece of information multiple times not a guarantee that it will be stored in long-term memory?
Why is repeating a complex piece of information multiple times not a guarantee that it will be stored in long-term memory?
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What is the relationship between the depth of processing and the likelihood of remembering information?
What is the relationship between the depth of processing and the likelihood of remembering information?
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Which of these is NOT a way to improve the encoding of information into long-term memory?
Which of these is NOT a way to improve the encoding of information into long-term memory?
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Which of the following best describes implicit memory?
Which of the following best describes implicit memory?
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What is the effect of priming on implicit memory?
What is the effect of priming on implicit memory?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?
Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?
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What is the difference between procedural memory and implicit memory?
What is the difference between procedural memory and implicit memory?
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In the study by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1968), what was demonstrated about Korsakoff patients?
In the study by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1968), what was demonstrated about Korsakoff patients?
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Which of the following is an example of the propaganda effect?
Which of the following is an example of the propaganda effect?
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Which brain region is primarily responsible for visual information processing?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for visual information processing?
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What is the relationship between procedural memory and semantic memory?
What is the relationship between procedural memory and semantic memory?
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What is the primary difference between implicit and explicit memory?
What is the primary difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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What is the main function of the frontal lobe?
What is the main function of the frontal lobe?
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According to the provided text, which of these techniques would be MOST helpful for remembering information over a long period of time?
According to the provided text, which of these techniques would be MOST helpful for remembering information over a long period of time?
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Based on the text, what is one way to improve your memory by creating associations?
Based on the text, what is one way to improve your memory by creating associations?
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Which of these methods would likely be MOST effective for studying material before an exam?
Which of these methods would likely be MOST effective for studying material before an exam?
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The text describes various strategies for studying, including "distributed practice." What does this concept suggest?
The text describes various strategies for studying, including "distributed practice." What does this concept suggest?
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Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as a technique for improving memory?
Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as a technique for improving memory?
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The text suggests that organizing material helps memory by:
The text suggests that organizing material helps memory by:
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Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the concept of "associating" information for better memory?
Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the concept of "associating" information for better memory?
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Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy for taking effective study breaks?
Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy for taking effective study breaks?
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What is the main distinction between retrieval cues and transfer-appropriate processing?
What is the main distinction between retrieval cues and transfer-appropriate processing?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a retrieval cue?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a retrieval cue?
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Based on the text, what is the main idea behind transfer-appropriate processing?
Based on the text, what is the main idea behind transfer-appropriate processing?
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Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?
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Which of the following statements about retrieval cues is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about retrieval cues is TRUE?
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What is the primary concept behind Encoding Specificity?
What is the primary concept behind Encoding Specificity?
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According to the Encoding Specificity theory, how does context relate to memory retrieval?
According to the Encoding Specificity theory, how does context relate to memory retrieval?
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The experiment by Donald Morris and coworkers (1977) supports which concept related to memory?
The experiment by Donald Morris and coworkers (1977) supports which concept related to memory?
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What does the experiment by Godden and Baddeley (1975), involving diving, demonstrate?
What does the experiment by Godden and Baddeley (1975), involving diving, demonstrate?
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How does mood influence memory retrieval?
How does mood influence memory retrieval?
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Which of the following situations best exemplifies the concept of Encoding Specificity?
Which of the following situations best exemplifies the concept of Encoding Specificity?
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Which scenario BEST illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?
Which scenario BEST illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?
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Which of these options are examples of retrieval cues?
Which of these options are examples of retrieval cues?
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Flashcards
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
An archive of past events and learned knowledge.
Types of LTM
Types of LTM
Divided into declarative (explicit) and implicit memory.
Declarative Memory
Declarative Memory
It includes memories that can be consciously recalled, like facts and events.
Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Encoding Process
Encoding Process
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Occipital Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
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Priming
Priming
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Warrington & Weiskrantz Study
Warrington & Weiskrantz Study
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Subliminal Messages
Subliminal Messages
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Propaganda Effect
Propaganda Effect
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Unconscious Skills
Unconscious Skills
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Memory in Lost Skills
Memory in Lost Skills
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Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Cues
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Retrieval Process
Retrieval Process
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Transfer–Appropriate Processing
Transfer–Appropriate Processing
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Encoding Specificity
Encoding Specificity
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State Dependent Learning
State Dependent Learning
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Memory Formation
Memory Formation
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Encoding
Encoding
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Memory Storage
Memory Storage
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Memory Retrieval
Memory Retrieval
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Rehearsal
Rehearsal
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Maintenance Rehearsal
Maintenance Rehearsal
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Elaborative Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
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Levels of Processing
Levels of Processing
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Context as Retrieval Cue
Context as Retrieval Cue
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Shallow vs Deep Processing
Shallow vs Deep Processing
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Acronym Encoding
Acronym Encoding
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Matching Place Effect
Matching Place Effect
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Semantic Acquisition vs Rhyming Test
Semantic Acquisition vs Rhyming Test
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Diving Experiment
Diving Experiment
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Study Conditions Matching
Study Conditions Matching
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Mood Matching
Mood Matching
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Elaboration
Elaboration
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Organization
Organization
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Association
Association
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Taking Breaks
Taking Breaks
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Distributed Practice
Distributed Practice
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Matching Learning and Testing Conditions
Matching Learning and Testing Conditions
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Study Notes
Long Term Memory (LTM)
- LTM is a vast archive of past events and learned knowledge.
- It spans a considerable period of time.
- Examples include recalling dinner last night, a past birthday event, or a favorite teacher from childhood.
Different Types of LTM
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LTM can be categorized as declarative (conscious) and implicit (unconscious).
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Declarative memory has two subtypes:
- Episodic memory: remembering specific past events. This includes when an event occurred.
- Semantic memory: knowledge about the world in general, not tied to a particular time or person (facts, concepts).
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Implicit memory, also known as non-declarative memory, affects behavior without conscious awareness of past experiences.
- Priming: past exposure effects how we respond to a stimulus again. Ex: If you repeatedly see the word "happy", you may be more likely to say something positive upon seeing the word "happiness."
- Procedural memory: skills and habits we've acquired. (examples of skills include tying your shoes, driving a car, or riding a bike)
How STM Becomes LTM
- Encoding: the process of transferring information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM). This involves several methods:
- Rehearsal: Repeating the information over and over.
- Levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) - deeper processing creating stronger memories than shallow processing. The more meaning you attach to information, the more likely you are to remember it.
- Making connections: connecting new information to information already in your memory.
- Organizing: grouping related memories together to help you retain and recall them.
How LTM is Retrieved (Recalling Memories)
- Retrieval cues: signals (words, actions, places).
- Transfer-appropriate processing: encoding and retrieval methods match. Use the same type of processing when studying as you will use when recalling.
- Encoding specificity: learning information within a specific context makes recalling that information easier when in that same context.
- State-dependent learning: remembering better if the learning and recall conditions are the same. (example: studying in the same room or having the same emotional state during study and recall).
Factors that aid Encoding
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Elaboration: actively thinking about the meaning of what you are trying to learn.
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Organization: structuring the material in meaningful ways (such as outlines or concept maps).
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Association: linking new information to existing knowledge.
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Self-reference effect: information tied to personal experiences or meaning is usually better remembered.
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Spaced repetition: spacing out study sessions improves remembering compared to cramming.
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Context-matching: learning in the same setting as tests improves recall.
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Mood-matching: emotional state during learning and recall enhances memory, (example: feeling the same emotion during studying and a test).
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Description
Test your knowledge on Long Term Memory (LTM) concepts, including its types such as declarative and implicit memory. This quiz covers episodic and semantic memory, as well as the effects of priming and procedural memory. Challenge yourself to recall how these memories influence our daily lives.