Psychology Long Term Memory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the time span covered by Long-Term Memory?

  • From about 30 minutes to the earliest memories a person has
  • From a few seconds to a few minutes
  • From about 30 days to the earliest memories a person has
  • From about 30 seconds to the earliest memories a person has (correct)

What is the primary distinction between Declarative Memory and Implicit Memory?

  • Declarative memory is conscious, while Implicit memory is unconscious (correct)
  • Declarative memory is associated with the hippocampus, while Implicit memory is associated with the cerebellum
  • Declarative memory is acquired through learning, while Implicit memory is innate
  • Declarative memory is about facts and events, while Implicit memory is about skills and procedures

Which of the following memories would be considered part of a person's Long-Term Memory?

  • What they had for breakfast this morning (correct)
  • The feeling of warmth from the sun on their skin right now
  • The taste of the first bite of a delicious meal
  • The sound of their own name being called

What is the primary function of encoding in relation to memory?

<p>It converts information from Short-Term Memory into Long-Term Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of memory is most likely to be affected by an injury to the hippocampus?

<p>Both Declarative semantic memory and Declarative episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of placing information into the long-term memory called?

<p>Encoding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an ineffective method of transferring information into the long-term memory?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the theory that suggests that memories are dependent on how deeply information is processed?

<p>Levels of processing theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you use elaborative rehearsal to help remember a phone number?

<p>Connect the number to something you already know, like an address. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these situations demonstrates the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Remembering a poem by reciting it repeatedly versus remembering it by analyzing the meaning of each verse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is repeating a complex piece of information multiple times not a guarantee that it will be stored in long-term memory?

<p>Repeating information does not involve deep processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the depth of processing and the likelihood of remembering information?

<p>The deeper the processing, the more likely you are to remember the information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a way to improve the encoding of information into long-term memory?

<p>Repeating information over and over again (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes implicit memory?

<p>Memory that is unconscious and influences our behavior without us being aware of it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of priming on implicit memory?

<p>Priming makes it easier to recognize previously seen stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?

<p>Remembering a specific event from your childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between procedural memory and implicit memory?

<p>Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory that specifically focuses on skills and procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1968), what was demonstrated about Korsakoff patients?

<p>Korsakoff patients cannot form new explicit memories but can demonstrate implicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the propaganda effect?

<p>Being more likely to believe a statement you have heard repeatedly, even if it is false (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily responsible for visual information processing?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between procedural memory and semantic memory?

<p>They are distinct types of memory, with procedural memory being implicit and semantic memory being explicit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between implicit and explicit memory?

<p>Implicit memory is conscious, while explicit memory is unconscious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

<p>Controlling movement and planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, which of these techniques would be MOST helpful for remembering information over a long period of time?

<p>Elaborating on the material by asking and answering questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is one way to improve your memory by creating associations?

<p>Creating mental images to connect different pieces of information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these methods would likely be MOST effective for studying material before an exam?

<p>Studying in the same room where the exam will be taken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text describes various strategies for studying, including "distributed practice." What does this concept suggest?

<p>Spreading study sessions over an extended period of time is more effective than cramming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as a technique for improving memory?

<p>Repetition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that organizing material helps memory by:

<p>Reducing the cognitive load and making information more meaningful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the concept of "associating" information for better memory?

<p>Creating a mind map to connect key concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy for taking effective study breaks?

<p>Prioritizing studying just before a test to refresh information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between retrieval cues and transfer-appropriate processing?

<p>Retrieval cues are external stimuli, while transfer-appropriate processing emphasizes the internal state during learning and retrieval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a retrieval cue?

<p>Feeling stressed during an exam, making it difficult to recall learned material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is the main idea behind transfer-appropriate processing?

<p>Memories are retrieved more effectively when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?

<p>A student studies for an exam in a quiet library and performs better on the exam when taken in the same library. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about retrieval cues is TRUE?

<p>Retrieval cues can be either internal or external stimuli. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept behind Encoding Specificity?

<p>Memory is improved when the retrieval environment is similar to the learning environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Encoding Specificity theory, how does context relate to memory retrieval?

<p>Context can act as a retrieval cue, enhancing memory recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The experiment by Donald Morris and coworkers (1977) supports which concept related to memory?

<p>The matching of encoding and retrieval processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experiment by Godden and Baddeley (1975), involving diving, demonstrate?

<p>The effect of state-dependent learning on memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mood influence memory retrieval?

<p>Mood can serve as a retrieval cue, potentially enhancing memory recall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the concept of Encoding Specificity?

<p>Remembering a childhood memory better when visiting your childhood home. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST illustrates the concept of state-dependent learning?

<p>Getting a better grade on a test when you are in a calm and relaxed state both during studying and the test. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are examples of retrieval cues?

<p>Scents (A), Rhyming words (B), Acronyms (C), Physical location (D), Emotional states (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

An archive of past events and learned knowledge.

Types of LTM

Divided into declarative (explicit) and implicit memory.

Declarative Memory

It includes memories that can be consciously recalled, like facts and events.

Implicit Memory

Memories that are not consciously recalled but influence behavior and skills.

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Encoding Process

The method through which short-term memories become long-term memories.

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Occipital Lobe

The brain region responsible for processing visual information.

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Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A chronic neurocognitive disorder leading to severe memory impairments, often due to alcohol use.

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Priming

The process where exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent stimulus.

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Warrington & Weiskrantz Study

A study demonstrating priming in patients with memory deficits, showing they improved at recognizing images.

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Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory for performing tasks that have been practiced often and become automatic.

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Subliminal Messages

A form of communication where messages are presented below the threshold of conscious awareness.

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Propaganda Effect

The tendency to rate previously encountered statements as true, regardless of their actual validity.

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Unconscious Skills

Skills that can be performed without conscious thought, such as driving or typing.

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Memory in Lost Skills

Procedural memory often remains intact even if other memories like facts are lost.

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Retrieval Cues

Signals that help recover forgotten information.

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Retrieval Process

The act of recovering previously encoded information from Long-Term Memory.

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Transfer–Appropriate Processing

Retrieving information is more effective when the process is similar to how it was encoded.

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Encoding Specificity

Memory is better when cues during retrieval match the context during encoding.

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State Dependent Learning

Recall is easier when in the same physical or emotional state as when learned.

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Memory Formation

The process by which information is encoded into memory for retention.

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Encoding

The process of placing information into long-term memory.

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Memory Storage

The phase of maintaining information over time in memory.

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Memory Retrieval

The act of recalling or recognizing information from memory.

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Rehearsal

Repeating information to oneself to enhance memory retention.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

A technique that keeps information in short-term memory but is less effective for long-term storage.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge for better memory storage.

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Levels of Processing

The theory suggesting deeper processing of information leads to better memory retention.

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Context as Retrieval Cue

Information is learned along with its context, which can help retrieve the memory later.

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Shallow vs Deep Processing

Deeper processing leads to better memory retention than shallow processing.

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Acronym Encoding

Using acronyms to encode information improves retrieval associated with that acronym.

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Matching Place Effect

Memory retrieval is more effective when the place of encoding matches the place of retrieval.

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Semantic Acquisition vs Rhyming Test

Different encoding strategies can affect memory retrieval performance differentially.

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Diving Experiment

A study showing that location affects memory recall, emphasizing context importance.

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Study Conditions Matching

Referring to scenarios where the conditions of studying and testing are the same, enhancing memory recall.

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Mood Matching

The idea that matching emotional states during study and test can improve recall.

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Elaboration

The process of expanding on information by asking and answering questions about it to enhance understanding.

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Organization

Structuring information to connect it meaningfully, which aids in memory retention.

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Association

Linking new information with what is already known to make it more memorable.

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Taking Breaks

Incorporating pauses in study sessions to improve focus and memory retention.

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Distributed Practice

Spreading out study sessions over time rather than cramming, which enhances memory retention.

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Matching Learning and Testing Conditions

Studying in an environment similar to testing conditions to boost memory recall.

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Study Notes

Long Term Memory (LTM)

  • LTM is a vast archive of past events and learned knowledge.
  • It spans a considerable period of time.
  • Examples include recalling dinner last night, a past birthday event, or a favorite teacher from childhood.

Different Types of LTM

  • LTM can be categorized as declarative (conscious) and implicit (unconscious).

  • Declarative memory has two subtypes:

    • Episodic memory: remembering specific past events. This includes when an event occurred.
    • Semantic memory: knowledge about the world in general, not tied to a particular time or person (facts, concepts).

  • Implicit memory, also known as non-declarative memory, affects behavior without conscious awareness of past experiences.

    • Priming: past exposure effects how we respond to a stimulus again. Ex: If you repeatedly see the word "happy", you may be more likely to say something positive upon seeing the word "happiness."
    • Procedural memory: skills and habits we've acquired. (examples of skills include tying your shoes, driving a car, or riding a bike)

How STM Becomes LTM

  • Encoding: the process of transferring information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM). This involves several methods:
    • Rehearsal: Repeating the information over and over.
    • Levels of processing (deep vs. shallow) - deeper processing creating stronger memories than shallow processing. The more meaning you attach to information, the more likely you are to remember it.
    • Making connections: connecting new information to information already in your memory.
    • Organizing: grouping related memories together to help you retain and recall them.

How LTM is Retrieved (Recalling Memories)

  • Retrieval cues: signals (words, actions, places).
  • Transfer-appropriate processing: encoding and retrieval methods match. Use the same type of processing when studying as you will use when recalling.
  • Encoding specificity: learning information within a specific context makes recalling that information easier when in that same context.
  • State-dependent learning: remembering better if the learning and recall conditions are the same. (example: studying in the same room or having the same emotional state during study and recall).

Factors that aid Encoding

  • Elaboration: actively thinking about the meaning of what you are trying to learn.

  • Organization: structuring the material in meaningful ways (such as outlines or concept maps).

  • Association: linking new information to existing knowledge.

  • Self-reference effect: information tied to personal experiences or meaning is usually better remembered.

  • Spaced repetition: spacing out study sessions improves remembering compared to cramming.

  • Context-matching: learning in the same setting as tests improves recall.

  • Mood-matching: emotional state during learning and recall enhances memory, (example: feeling the same emotion during studying and a test).

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