Psychology Chapter: Key Theories and Concepts

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which concept is most closely associated with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The id, ego, and superego (correct)

Observable behaviors

The personal and collective unconscious

Classical conditioning

According to Carl Jung, what distinguishes the personal unconscious from the collective unconscious?

The personal unconscious is inherited from ancestors, while the collective is learned.

The personal unconscious is not accessible, whereas the collective unconscious is readily available to the individual.

The personal unconscious contains unique individual experiences, and the collective is inherited. (correct)

The collective unconscious is solely based on learned experiences.

In the context of psychodynamic theory, what is the primary method for accessing the unconscious mind?

Conditioning the patient

Analyzing moral judgments

Direct observation of behavior

Free association (correct)

Which concept best embodies the core tenet of behaviorism?

Focusing on observable and learned behaviors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mechanism that defines Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning?

Associating things through learned responses (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is best known for their work on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of cognitive psychology?

The examination of mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's work is a key part of which psychological revolution?

The cognitive revolution (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to Jean Piaget's contributions to psychology?

The stages of cognitive development from childhood to adulthood (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, whose research demonstrated how the same situation could produce different responses from different people or the same person?

Albert Bandura (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which school of thought did Ivan Pavlov belong to?

Behavioural (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a core tenet of B.F. Skinner's work in psychology?

The study of observable behavior and how consequences influence it (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what does the cognitive approach couple with when treating those with mental health disorders?

Behavioural psychology (B) Signup and view all the answers

In contemporary society, how are racist views most commonly expressed?

Via subconscious implications and microaggressions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what forms of discrimination do Muslim women frequently encounter?

Being called terrorists, racial slurs and being insulted for wearing a hijab. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the core methodology behind the resume test experiment conducted by Marketplace?

Using real names for some applicants and pseudonyms for others, while keeping other details constant. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What key finding emerged from the American study cited regarding names on resumes?

Applicants with Western names received significantly faster responses from potential employers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Toronto Symphony's approach towards hiring in the context of discrimination?

They use blind recruitment practices. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how did the blind recruitment method prove to be effective?

It allowed employers to focus directly on talent rather than physical appearance. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Besides the Toronto Symphony, what other types of institutions have applied blind recruitment?

Civil services and law schools. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the resume test experiment in terms of name recognition?

Western sounding names received better responses from potential employers. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these psychologists is best known for their contributions to social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura (A) Signup and view all the answers

The Little Albert experiment demonstrated how irrational fears can be induced through which process?

Classical conditioning (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experiments highlighted the conditions under which individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if it contradicts their own perceptions?

Asch’s Conformity Study (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment suggested that human behavior is heavily influenced by the roles assigned to individuals and the situations they are placed in?

The Stanford Prison Study (A) Signup and view all the answers

The 'Bystander Effect' is most directly associated with which real-world event?

The Kitty Genovese case (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a key finding from the Milgram Experiment?

The influence of authority on obedience levels. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist's theories focus on how cognitive abilities evolve through different life stages?

Jean Piaget (B) Signup and view all the answers

The understanding that human psychological research should always aim to respect human rights is captured in which ethical principle?

Respect for the Dignity of Persons (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following psychological perspectives focuses primarily on observable behaviors rather than on mental processes?

Behavioral psychology (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these experiments would best demonstrate the impact of social learning and modeling on aggression?

The Bobo Doll Experiment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion of Harry Harlow's surrogate mother experiment?

Attachment does not depend solely on feeding. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best exemplifies 'catastrophizing', a negative automatic thought pattern?

Exaggerating the significance of minor flaws and shortcomings. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'examining the evidence' entail when challenging negative thought patterns?

Assessing the facts rather than just subjective feelings. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Elizabeth Loftus, what is a key characteristic of human memory?

Memory is reconstructive and subject to change. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which past practice in therapy, discussed in Loftus' work, led to the development of false memories?

Employing techniques like dream interpretation and hypnosis. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a core assumption of psychodynamic theory regarding the cause of mental health issues?

They result from unresolved conflicts in early childhood. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do social institutions primarily do, according to the provided content?

They govern behaviours and expectations in society. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive psychology, what is the primary focus?

The individual's mental processes which impact their behaviour. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies 'disqualifying the positive'?

Believing positive events do not count or matter. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of 'positive reframing' when reappraising negative thought patterns?

To view the situation through a more optimistic lens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle was MOST violated in the David Reimer case?

Informed Consent (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Aversion Project?

To eliminate homosexuality from the armed forces (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Learned Helplessness' experiment, what was the key finding that demonstrated the concept?

Dogs that initially couldn't escape the shock eventually stopped trying. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ethical principles involves avoiding harm to clients in experiments?

Responsible Caring (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary conclusion of 'The Monster Study' regarding stuttering?

Stuttering can be induced by negative verbal suggestions and not inherited. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Landis' Facial Expressions Experiment primarily try to investigate?

Whether specific facial expressions are common across all humans. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to study social interactions in a new country. According to the provided principles, which ethical consideration is MOST crucial?

Acquiring knowledge of the local culture, social structure, and customs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence observed in the Monkey Drug Trials due to the administration of drugs?

Physical harm, including broken limbs and death of some test subjects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

Psychology is the study of the mind, thoughts, and behaviours in living things.
Psychodynamic Theory is an approach to therapy focusing on resolving a patient's conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings.
Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that early childhood experiences influence behaviour and that the unconscious mind is accessed through free association.
The unconscious mind processes information we're unaware of, while the conscious mind processes information we're aware of.
Freud's theory describes the conscious mind as having three parts: the Id (instinctive thoughts), the Ego (rational thinking), and the Superego (moral center).
Karen Horney and Carl Jung contributed to understanding personality traits like introversion and extraversion and different parts of the unconscious mind.
Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviours, and how behaviours are conditioned.
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, where behaviours are learned by associating stimuli with responses.
B.F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning, examining how rewards and punishments influence behaviour.

Cognitive Psychology

Cognition involves mental processes like thinking, knowing, and remembering.
Cognitive psychology, combined with behavioural approaches, treats people with mental health issues.
Albert Bandura researched how different people and the same person respond to similar situations differently.
Jean Piaget developed the stages of cognitive development, explaining how cognitive abilities develop through adulthood.
Erik Erikson explored these stages in greater detail in his work and studied the process of child development.

Influential Psychological Experiments

Asch's Conformity Study showed people conforming to group pressure more than what they believed.
Kitty Genovese's Murder Case explored the bystander effect, which suggests that the presence of many people reduces helping behaviour.
The Little Albert experiment showed that classical conditioning can create phobias.
The Stanford Prison Experiment highlighted the power of situational factors in shaping human behaviour.
The Stanley Milgram experiment demonstrated the dangers of obedience to authority.

Ethical Issues in Psychology

Research should respect the dignity of persons and avoid harming participants.
Unethical experiments, like the Little Albert or Stanford Prison studies often disregarded the well-being of participants.
Unethical procedures include the Monster study (language development of children) and the Landis Facial Expressions experiment (using animals for research without clear ethical guidelines).

The concept of memory being unreliable is explained through the research of Elizabeth Loftus, showing reconstructive memories.
The impact of memory being reconstructive led to 300 American wrongful convictions.

Introduction to Sociology

Social institutions are groups of people working towards a purpose in order to meet society's needs and guide the behaviour/expectations of individuals.
Ibn Khaldun considered a foundational sociologist, noting various aspects of societal and cultural behaviours between different groups of people and cultures.
Modern Sociology examined how European changes caused various societal issues.
Modern Sociology developed as a discipline with different schools of thought and applications to examine how individuals and institutions interact.

Sociological Theories

Structural Functionalism identifies different structures in society.
Conflict Theory examines the ways that different groups compete for power and resources in society.
Symbolic Interactionism looks at the ways that people create meaning in their daily interactions with each other from small-group interactions.
Feminist Theory focuses on the systems of discrimination in society stemming from gender roles.

Global Societal Issues Particular to Women

Rape is examined in terms of a weapon of war, child marriages, lack of freedom, violence etc
Violence against women is an issue and needs to be addressed.

The Isms

Ableism: the subordination and discrimination based on disability.
Ageism: the discrimination based on age (often against elders).
Ageism is the oppression of the elderly.
Classism involves the belief that one social class is more superior than others.
Heterosexism is the prejudice that focuses on judging people based on their sexual orientation.
Racism discrimination based on race.
Sexism discrimination based on gender.
Sizeism is discrimination against people of certain body types or weight.

Marketplace Investigation

Research shows that rental managers are less likely to engage in conversations with minority potential renters.
Minorities faced implicit discrimination in housing, shopping experiences, and hiring processes.
Studies showed that applicants with names or profiles considered "white" received faster responses and more interviews than those with names, or profiles associated with minorities or other groups.

Empires Of Dirt

Slavery in British colonization directly contributed to the enrichment of banks and financial institutions, with significant contributions from the human lives involved.
British colonization of India included using train systems to extract goods including resources and raw materials at the cost of Indian people's lives and wellbeing.
The British Empire exploited China with opium, driving a harmful drug trade that resulted in millions of deaths and immense economic losses for the country.
The British Empire engaged in various acts of exploitation globally, which caused intense hardship and loss of life for millions of people, including various colonization events.

British Colonialism

Gay sex was illegal in some of the British Empire's colonies at various points in time.
The British Empire committed various atrocities during their various colonization ventures.

Socialization

Cultural capital refers to the non-financial resources that help people succeed.
Gendered socialization refers to how individuals learn gender roles.
Race socialization refers to how individuals learn racial identities and behaviours.
Class socialization relates to how individuals learn behaviour based on social class.
Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of learning behaviours to conform to an institution or group.
Hidden curriculum is the values or behaviours taught to people through schools implicitly, whether the student recognizes the value or not.

Significant Sociologists

Major theorists in the field of Sociology
Auguste Comte: Positivism, strict application of scientific method for understanding society.
Emile Durkheim: Structural functionalism, how society functions logically to preserve and protect the interests of its members.
Talcott Parsons: Social stability and relationships, if something exists in many societies then it must serve a necessary function.
Karl Marx: Class struggles and the effects of societal power on the lower class.
Dorothy Smith: Emphasizing the marginalized groups in society, as men are frequently ignored or downplayed in society.
Max Weber: Bureaucracy and rationalization.
Charles Horton Cooley: The concept of the "looking-glass self," interactions in primary groups shape an individual's self-concept, meaning they see themselves from the perspectives of others.
George Herbert Mead- how social interaction affects an individual's social perception and how they think.
Wright Mills- The sociological imagination is described as the individual's perspective of the world and their ability to perceive how others may be influenced by society.

Implicit Bias

Implicit bias is present in people's minds and can affect behaviour and viewpoints.
Implicit biases involve stereotypes and prejudices that operate at the subconscious level.
Implicit biases can be studied and used to better understand the dynamics between different groups, populations and people.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on foundational concepts in psychology, exploring major theories from Freud, Jung, Pavlov, and more. This quiz covers essential topics such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and developmental theories. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of psychological principles!