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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is empiricism?
What is empiricism?
- An early school of thought in psychology
- The view that knowledge originates in experience (correct)
- The study of human behavior
- The principle of natural selection
Which of these options describe structuralism?
Which of these options describe structuralism?
- Promoted by Wundt and Titchner (correct)
- Focuses on observable behavior
- Used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind (correct)
- Examines mental processes using the scientific method
What does functionalism explore?
What does functionalism explore?
How mental and behavioral processes function
Define experimental psychology.
Define experimental psychology.
Behaviorism states that psychology should study mental processes.
Behaviorism states that psychology should study mental processes.
What defines humanistic psychology?
What defines humanistic psychology?
What does cognitive neuroscience study?
What does cognitive neuroscience study?
What is the nature-nurture issue?
What is the nature-nurture issue?
What is natural selection?
What is natural selection?
The biopsychosocial approach combines biological, psychological, and social factors.
The biopsychosocial approach combines biological, psychological, and social factors.
Define clinical psychology.
Define clinical psychology.
What is the difference between basic research and applied research?
What is the difference between basic research and applied research?
A ___________ is a factor that may produce an effect in an experiment other than the independent variable.
A ___________ is a factor that may produce an effect in an experiment other than the independent variable.
What is the definition of validity in research?
What is the definition of validity in research?
The histogram is a depiction of a correlation.
The histogram is a depiction of a correlation.
What does the independent variable signify in research?
What does the independent variable signify in research?
What is the purpose of debriefing in research?
What is the purpose of debriefing in research?
Define the testing effect.
Define the testing effect.
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Key Concepts in Psychology
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Empiricism: Knowledge originates from experience; emphasizes observation and experimentation in science.
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Structuralism: Early psychological approach focused on the structure of the mind using introspection, advocated by Wundt and Titchner.
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Functionalism: Developed by James under Darwin’s influence; examines mental and behavioral processes and their role in adaptation and survival.
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Experimental Psychology: Involves studying behavior and thinking through experimental methods.
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Behaviorism: Advocates for an objective view of psychology that focuses solely on observable behavior, leaving out mental processes.
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Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on personal growth and the potential of healthy individuals.
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Cognitive Neuroscience: Explores the connection between brain activity and cognitive functions such as perception, memory, and language.
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Psychology: The scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
Theories and Approaches
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Nature-Nurture Issue: Ongoing debate regarding the influence of genetics versus environment in shaping psychological traits and behaviors.
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Natural Selection: Principle stating that traits enhancing survival and reproduction are likely to be passed on through generations.
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Levels of Analysis: Different perspectives—biological, psychological, social-cultural—used to analyze phenomena.
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Biopsychosocial Approach: Integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural analysis.
Branches of Psychology
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Developmental Psychology: Studies changes in physical, cognitive, and social aspects throughout the lifespan.
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Educational Psychology: Focuses on how psychological processes can enhance teaching and learning.
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Cognitive Psychology: Investigates mental activities related to thinking, knowing, and remembering.
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Social Psychology: Examines how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Clinical Psychology: Involves assessing and treating psychological disorders.
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Counseling Psychology: Aims to help individuals tackle everyday challenges and improve well-being.
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Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological concepts to workplace improvement.
Research Methods and Statistics
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Case Study: In-depth examination of a single individual or group to uncover universal principles.
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Naturalistic Observation: Recording behavior in natural settings without manipulation.
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Survey: Technique for gathering data on attitudes or behaviors from a representative sample.
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Correlation: Assesses the degree to which two variables change together; correlational data can predict relationships.
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Experiment: Manipulates factors (independent variables) to observe effects on behaviors (dependent variables).
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Random Assignment: Participants are randomly allocated to groups to minimize preexisting differences.
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Double-Blind Procedure: Both participants and researchers remain unaware of participant group assignments, reducing bias.
Statistical Concepts
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Descriptive Statistics: Measures and describes data characteristics; includes mean, median, and mode.
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Inferential Statistics: Allows for generalizations from sample data to broader populations.
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Statistical Significance: Indicates the likelihood that results are not due to chance.
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Standard Deviation: Measures score variability around the mean.
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Skewed Distribution: Distribution of scores that is asymmetrical around the average.
Ethical Considerations
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Informed Consent: Participants must be fully informed about the study's nature and risks before agreeing to participate.
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Debriefing: Explains the study's purposes and deceptions after participation, ensuring participants understand the research.
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