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Questions and Answers
What does the Greek word 'psyche' refer to in the context of psychology?
What does the Greek word 'psyche' refer to in the context of psychology?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the definition of psychology?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the definition of psychology?
What is the primary goal of explaining in psychology?
What is the primary goal of explaining in psychology?
How does psychology define behavior?
How does psychology define behavior?
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Which of the following is one of the goals of psychology?
Which of the following is one of the goals of psychology?
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What aspect of psychology does the term 'mental processes' encompass?
What aspect of psychology does the term 'mental processes' encompass?
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What is a characteristic of the methods used in psychology?
What is a characteristic of the methods used in psychology?
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Which statement best describes the explanation goal of psychology?
Which statement best describes the explanation goal of psychology?
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What is the central idea of Gestalt psychology?
What is the central idea of Gestalt psychology?
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Which term best describes the German word 'gestalt'?
Which term best describes the German word 'gestalt'?
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How did Gestalt psychologists gather their data?
How did Gestalt psychologists gather their data?
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What was John B. Watson's stance on the use of introspection in psychology?
What was John B. Watson's stance on the use of introspection in psychology?
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What common misconception about behaviorism is addressed in the content?
What common misconception about behaviorism is addressed in the content?
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Which psychologist is NOT mentioned as a proponent of behaviorism?
Which psychologist is NOT mentioned as a proponent of behaviorism?
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In which area did Gestalt psychology significantly influence contemporary psychology?
In which area did Gestalt psychology significantly influence contemporary psychology?
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What did Watson express as a necessary focus of psychology?
What did Watson express as a necessary focus of psychology?
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What was the primary concern of functionalists in contrast to structuralists?
What was the primary concern of functionalists in contrast to structuralists?
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Which concept significantly influenced functionalism from biology?
Which concept significantly influenced functionalism from biology?
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Who was the leading figure in functional psychology?
Who was the leading figure in functional psychology?
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What did William James believe about habits in relation to society?
What did William James believe about habits in relation to society?
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Which psychological approach emphasized the importance of observing similarities and differences among species?
Which psychological approach emphasized the importance of observing similarities and differences among species?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a primary focus of functionalists?
Which of the following is NOT considered a primary focus of functionalists?
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Who were the prominent figures associated with Gestalt psychology?
Who were the prominent figures associated with Gestalt psychology?
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What did the theory of evolution contribute to psychology according to functionalists?
What did the theory of evolution contribute to psychology according to functionalists?
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What is a major contribution of the cognitive approach in psychology?
What is a major contribution of the cognitive approach in psychology?
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What aspect does the socio-cultural perspective primarily focus on?
What aspect does the socio-cultural perspective primarily focus on?
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What is one of the key approaches that emerged from Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
What is one of the key approaches that emerged from Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the primary purpose of conducting research in psychology?
What is the primary purpose of conducting research in psychology?
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Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?
Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?
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How do socio-cultural psychologists view the influences on behavior?
How do socio-cultural psychologists view the influences on behavior?
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Which of the following illustrates the concept of being unaware of environmental influences, as described in the socio-cultural approach?
Which of the following illustrates the concept of being unaware of environmental influences, as described in the socio-cultural approach?
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In what scenario would a case study be most appropriate?
In what scenario would a case study be most appropriate?
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What do post-Freudians focus on when adapting Freud's original theories?
What do post-Freudians focus on when adapting Freud's original theories?
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Which field primarily uses case studies as a method of research?
Which field primarily uses case studies as a method of research?
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How does psychological research benefit society?
How does psychological research benefit society?
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What is a defining feature of the experimental method in psychology?
What is a defining feature of the experimental method in psychology?
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Which method is commonly used to study behaviors in real-world settings without manipulation?
Which method is commonly used to study behaviors in real-world settings without manipulation?
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Which of the following best describes the role of culture in the socio-cultural approach?
Which of the following best describes the role of culture in the socio-cultural approach?
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What types of information can a case study gather?
What types of information can a case study gather?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of psychological research as described?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of psychological research as described?
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What is a major limitation of case studies?
What is a major limitation of case studies?
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What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
What is the primary purpose of a correlational study?
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What are the two most common tools used in surveys?
What are the two most common tools used in surveys?
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Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of surveys?
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of surveys?
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In an experimental method, what is manipulated?
In an experimental method, what is manipulated?
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What assumption cannot be made from correlational research?
What assumption cannot be made from correlational research?
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What is a challenge associated with survey data?
What is a challenge associated with survey data?
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Which statement about case studies is true?
Which statement about case studies is true?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- The word "psychology" is of Greek origin, combining "psyche" (mind/soul) and "logos" (study/explanation).
- Psychology's goals include describing behavior, explaining its causes, predicting future behavior, and controlling behavior.
Meaning and Origin of "Psychology"
- The word "psychology" comes from the Greek words "psyche" (meaning mind or soul) and "logos" (meaning study or explanation).
- The study of the mind was essentially a branch of philosophy until 1879.
- Wilhelm Wundt is considered the "father of psychology" for establishing the first psychology lab in 1879.
Definition of Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- Behavior is any observable action.
- Mental processes are internal thoughts, feelings, and motives.
- Psychology uses systematic, meticulously planned methods.
Goals of Psychology
- Describe: To objectively record and detail observable behaviors and mental processes.
- Explain: To identify the causes of observed behavior.
- Predict: To forecast future behavior based on past observations.
- Control: To influence or change behavior for positive outcomes.
Early Schools of Psychology
-
Structuralism: Focused on breaking down consciousness into basic elements (sensations, images, feelings).
- Used introspection as a method.
-
Functionalism: Emphasized the purpose of consciousness and behavior in adapting to the environment.
- Influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.
- Gestalt Psychology: Emphasized the importance of the whole pattern and context.
- Behaviorism: Focused on observable behaviors and environmental factors as determinants of behavior.
- Psychoanalysis: Emphasized the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts as driving forces behind behavior.
Modern Perspectives in Psychology
- Physiological: Examines the relationship between the brain and nervous system, and behavior.
- Behavioral: Explores how environmental factors influence behavior.
- Cognitive: Focuses on mental processes (perception, memory, language).
- Socio-cultural: Examines the impact of social and cultural factors on behavior.
- Psychodynamic: Considers past experiences to understand how past experience may impact current behaviors.
- Humanistic: Emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for growth and fulfillment.
Research Methods in Psychology
- Case Studies: Detailed examination of one individual.
- Surveys: Gathering data from a large group of people through questionnaires or interviews.
- Correlational Studies: Researching the relationship between variables.
- Experiments: Carefully testing a hypothesis by manipulating variables and measuring the effect on another.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings without manipulating variables.
Subfields of Psychology
- Clinical Psychology: Diagnoses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
- Counseling Psychology: Helps individuals with everyday problems or everyday issues, not disorders.
- School Psychology: Works with children and adolescents in schools to address academic, social, and emotional issues.
- Educational Psychology: Studies learning, teaching, and educational processes.
- Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Studies behavior in the workplace to optimize performance and work conditions.
- Social Psychology: Studies how individuals think, feel, and behave in social settings.
- Developmental Psychology: Studies how individuals change and grow across their lifespan.
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Description
Explore fundamental concepts and terminologies in psychology with this quiz. Questions cover the definitions, goals, and key figures within the field, providing a comprehensive overview for beginners. Test your understanding of behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and more.
