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Questions and Answers
What was the primary purpose of the ARMY ALPHA test?
Which intelligence test is considered the premier individual test for adult intelligence?
Which of the following tests focuses on measuring social maturity or competence?
What is the primary focus of factor analysis as employed by Louis Thurstone?
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Which projective testing method uses inkblots to derive insights into patients' psychological states?
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Which assessment tool, developed by Robert Woodworth in 1917, was aimed at assessing abnormal behavior?
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Which nonverbal intelligence scale was developed to efficiently measure intelligence without verbal communication?
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What function did the Kuder Preference Record serve in psychological assessments?
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What was the main focus of Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization?
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Which of the following clinicians is known for client-centered therapy?
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What focus did behavioral genetics primarily evaluate?
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What significant change did the DSM-III prompt in psychological research?
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Which journal was split to create the Psychological Assessment journal?
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What was a significant contribution of brain imaging in psychology?
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Who was responsible for introducing many clinicians to behavior therapy?
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What approach focuses on individual differences like personality in the context of behavior?
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What is the primary purpose of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP)?
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Which model is emphasized for training clinical psychologists?
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What significant training requirement is included in the scientist-practitioner model for clinical psychologists?
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When was the first certification law for psychologists established?
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Which journal is mentioned as significant in the field of psychology?
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Who is considered the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?
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What was the primary focus of the first psychological clinic established by Lightner Witmer?
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During which period did the American Psychological Association primarily focus on psychology as a science rather than a profession?
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Which journal is credited as the first publication outlet specifically for clinical psychology?
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What significant development occurred for clinical psychology graduate students after World War II?
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What was defined as 'that art and technology which deals with the adjustment problems of human beings'?
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What did the Iowa Psychological Clinic primarily focus on during the early 1900s?
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How many members were in the American Psychological Association at its inception?
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Which organization initiated support for clinical psychology graduate students pursuing their Ph.D.?
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What role did clinical psychologists serve during World War II?
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What did systematic desensitization primarily address?
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Which therapy is considered highly effective for depression as per cognitive psychology?
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What is a main characteristic of brief/time-effective therapy?
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What approach emphasizes a combination of different theoretical orientations in therapy?
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Who conducted early research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
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Which psychologist is associated with the validation of intelligence testing in clinical psychology?
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What type of assessments saw a decline in popularity due to negative validity studies during the 1950s?
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What therapeutic approach has no empirical support and has been referred to as a trendier method?
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What significant development in psychotherapy research was initiated by Carl Rogers?
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What is the main focus of community psychology developed in the 1960s?
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Which researcher is known for developing a significant behavioral concept in clinical psychology?
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Which therapy introduced manualized forms aimed at structured treatment goals?
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How does cognitive therapy primarily serve those with depression?
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In which era was behaviorism taught, influencing treatment methods for behavior disorders?
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Study Notes
Early Intelligence Testing
- Charles Spearman developed the concept of general intelligence (g) in 1904.
- Edward Thorndike emphasized separate abilities within intelligence.
WWI & The Military
- Robert Yerkes of the APA developed Army Alpha and Army Beta tests to screen and classify military recruits during WWI.
- This application of psychology in the U.S. military spurred a greater emphasis on clinical psychology.
- Army Alpha was a test to classify men according to their ability levels.
- Army Beta was a nonverbal version of the Army Alpha test.
Early Period of Diagnosis & Assessment (1920-1939)
- Psychologists started using individual and group tests, both verbal, and nonverbal, bringing the term "intelligence quotients" into practice.
- Nonverbal intelligence scales were gaining popularity, such as the Arthur Point Scale, the Cornell-Coxe Test, and the Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test.
Aptitude Tests
- The Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Preference Record were used to measure vocational aptitude.
Intelligence Testing Continued
- Louis Thurstone introduced Factor Analysis in 1927, sparking debates around intelligence theory.
- David Wechsler released the Wechsler-Bellevue Test in 1939, becoming a widely used individual intelligence test for adults.
Behavioral & Personality Tests
- Arnold Gesell's Developmental Scales, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale by Edgar Doll, provided methods for evaluating behavior based on social maturity.
- Early personality tests include the Pressey X-O Test (for emotions), the Downey Will-Temperament Test, and the Allport-Vernon Study of Values.
The Rise of Projective Testing
- Hermann Rorschach introduced the Rorschach Inkblot Test in 1921, employing inkblots to diagnose psychiatric patients.
- L.K. Skinner's "Projective Technique" in 1953 applied operant principles to social interventions and therapy.
- Joseph Wolpe developed Systematic Desensitization in 1958, a technique based on conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxieties, PTSD, and other issues.
Cognitive Therapy
- Aaron Beck developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in 1962, a highly effective treatment for psychological problems, particularly depression.
Trends in Intervention
- Clinical psychologists began to diversify their approaches to therapy, incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapies with other techniques.
- The emergence of brief and time-effective therapies arose due to accessibility concerns.
- Manualized forms of treatment were introduced for insurance companies, providing structure and standardization for therapy sessions.
- Prevention of health problems, mental health problems, and injury became a crucial area of focus, leading to Community Psychology and Health Psychology.
- Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs) gained popularity.
- A call to authorize specialized psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medication emerged from the growing demand for comprehensive treatment.
Early Beginnings of Clinical Psychology Research (1850-1899)
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
- William James published "Principles of Psychology" in 1890.
The Advent of Modern Clinical Psychology Research (1900-1919)
- Ivan Pavlov's work on conditioned reflexes contributed significantly to classical conditioning theories and research in clinical psychology.
- Terman's research on the Binet-Simon test reinforced its validity.
- The development of Army Alpha and Army Beta tests provided valuable data during WWI.
Post-WWII Research
- Intelligence and personality assessments continued to be researched in the 1950s, specifically focusing on the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales.
- Studies conducted on projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT aimed to improve their reliability and validity.
- The rise of psychotherapy research, with early pioneers like Carl Rogers, aimed to better understand the process and effectiveness of therapy.
- Julian Rotter's "Social Learning and Clinical Psychology" in 1954 contributed significantly to the field of social learning theory.
- B.F. Skinner's work on behavior therapy, along with Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization, emerged as influential approaches.
- Hans Eysenck contributed to the widespread adoption of behavior therapy.
- DSM-III's introduction in the 1980s prompted research on evaluating its reliability, validity, and the influence of etiological factors in mental disorders.
- The journal "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology" was split into two, with a new journal dedicated to Psychological Assessment.
- Behavior genetics focused on investigating genetic and environmental influences on behavior, particularly intelligence, personality, and psychopathology.
- Brain imaging technologies became increasingly important for investigating both structure and function, leading to advancements in understanding psychological disorders.
The Progression of the Clinical Psychology Profession
- The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892 with a membership of less than 100.
- Lightner Witmer established the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896, focusing on treating children with learning difficulties.
- Witmer also coined the term "clinical psychology" and launched the first journal dedicated to the field, "The Psychological Clinic," which ended publication in 1935.
- The APA initially focused on promoting psychology as a science rather than a profession.
- The first section of clinical psychology was created within the APA.
- In the early 20th century, public schools requested psychological testing services, prompting universities to offer courses and conduct research on cognitive limitations.
Defining the Profession
- The APA initiated a committee to define clinical psychology as a profession.
- "The Art and Technology of Human Adjustment Problems" became a defining description of clinical psychology.
- The publication of the first clinical psychology textbook by Chauncey Lottit in 1936 solidified the field.
- The Journal of Consulting Psychology emerged as a key platform for clinical research.
- James McKeen Cattell established the Psychological Corporation to develop and market psychological tests.
WWII & Beyond
- Large-scale screening programs were implemented in the early 1940s to identify individuals unfit for military service.
- Over 1700 psychologists served in the US military during WWII.
- The Veterans Administration (VA) became crucial in providing care and rehabilitation services for veterans suffering from emotional traumas.
- The VA's role in training clinical psychologists significantly contributed to the growth of the profession.
- By the 1950s, 42 schools offered doctorates in clinical psychology.
- The US Public Health Service and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) provided support for clinical psychology graduate students.
- Connecticut implemented the first certification law for psychologists.
- The American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP) was established to certify the professional competence of Ph.D. holders.
- The APA began to incorporate psychotherapy as an integral function of clinical psychology.
- The APA started making recommendations for clinical psychologist training programs and certifying training programs.
- The APA codified ethical behavior for psychologists through its "Ethical Standards."
Growth & Development
- APA membership in the Clinical Division grew from 1,000 members in the 1950s to 7,250 in the 1960s, and further expanded to 16,644 in the 1970s.
- "American Psychologist" became a significant journal for the field.
- The Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology, held in Boulder, Colorado, aimed to establish the scientist-practitioner model for training clinical psychologists.
The Scientist-Practitioner Model
- Clinical psychologists should receive their training in university departments.
- Their training should prioritize psychology over clinical practice.
- A clinical internship is a mandatory component of their training.
- Competence in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and research is essential.
- The culmination of their training should result in a Ph.D.
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Description
Explore the evolution of intelligence testing from the early 20th century through World War I. Learn about key figures like Charles Spearman and Edward Thorndike, and the development of tests used for military classification. Understand the impact of these assessments on clinical psychology and education.
