Psychology Chapter: Early Intelligence Testing

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of the ARMY ALPHA test?

To assess the emotional state of recruits

To diagnose abnormal behavior

To classify men according to their ability levels (correct)

To measure nonverbal intelligence

Which intelligence test is considered the premier individual test for adult intelligence?

Cornell-Coxe Test

Army Beta

Psychoneurotic Inventory

Wechsler-Bellevue Test (correct)

Which of the following tests focuses on measuring social maturity or competence?

Vineland Social Maturity Scale (correct)

Goodenough Draw-A-Man

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Strong Vocational Interest Blank

What is the primary focus of factor analysis as employed by Louis Thurstone?

To spark debates on theoretical issues in intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which projective testing method uses inkblots to derive insights into patients' psychological states?

Rorschach Inkblot Test Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool, developed by Robert Woodworth in 1917, was aimed at assessing abnormal behavior?

Psychoneurotic Inventory Signup and view all the answers

Which nonverbal intelligence scale was developed to efficiently measure intelligence without verbal communication?

Army Beta Signup and view all the answers

What function did the Kuder Preference Record serve in psychological assessments?

To assess personal interests and vocational preferences Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization?

Research on animal and human learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinicians is known for client-centered therapy?

Arnold Lazarus & Stanley Rachman Signup and view all the answers

What focus did behavioral genetics primarily evaluate?

The role of genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the DSM-III prompt in psychological research?

Evaluation of reliability, validity, and utility of diagnostic criteria Signup and view all the answers

Which journal was split to create the Psychological Assessment journal?

Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of brain imaging in psychology?

Providing insight into brain structure and function related to psychopathology Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for introducing many clinicians to behavior therapy?

Hans Eysenck Signup and view all the answers

What approach focuses on individual differences like personality in the context of behavior?

Behavioral genetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP)?

To certify the professional competence of clinicians holding the Ph.D. Signup and view all the answers

Which model is emphasized for training clinical psychologists?

Scientist-practitioner model Signup and view all the answers

What significant training requirement is included in the scientist-practitioner model for clinical psychologists?

Engagement in a clinical internship Signup and view all the answers

When was the first certification law for psychologists established?

Connecticut Signup and view all the answers

Which journal is mentioned as significant in the field of psychology?

American Psychologist Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

Stanley Hall Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the first psychological clinic established by Lightner Witmer?

Treatment of childhood learning problems Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the American Psychological Association primarily focus on psychology as a science rather than a profession?

Between the Wars Signup and view all the answers

Which journal is credited as the first publication outlet specifically for clinical psychology?

The Psychological Clinic Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurred for clinical psychology graduate students after World War II?

Financial support for training Signup and view all the answers

What was defined as 'that art and technology which deals with the adjustment problems of human beings'?

Clinical psychology Signup and view all the answers

What did the Iowa Psychological Clinic primarily focus on during the early 1900s?

Research on childhood behavior Signup and view all the answers

How many members were in the American Psychological Association at its inception?

222 members Signup and view all the answers

Which organization initiated support for clinical psychology graduate students pursuing their Ph.D.?

National Institute of Mental Health Signup and view all the answers

What role did clinical psychologists serve during World War II?

Providing care for emotional trauma among veterans Signup and view all the answers

What did systematic desensitization primarily address?

Fears and phobias Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is considered highly effective for depression as per cognitive psychology?

Cognitive therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of brief/time-effective therapy?

It's often more cost-effective than traditional therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What approach emphasizes a combination of different theoretical orientations in therapy?

Integrative approach Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted early research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Mary Smith & Gene Glass Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is associated with the validation of intelligence testing in clinical psychology?

Lewis Terman Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessments saw a decline in popularity due to negative validity studies during the 1950s?

Projective tests Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic approach has no empirical support and has been referred to as a trendier method?

Inner-child therapy Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in psychotherapy research was initiated by Carl Rogers?

Recording therapy sessions for analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of community psychology developed in the 1960s?

Prevention of health and mental health problems Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is known for developing a significant behavioral concept in clinical psychology?

Julian Rotter Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy introduced manualized forms aimed at structured treatment goals?

Managed care therapy Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive therapy primarily serve those with depression?

By changing cognitive distortions Signup and view all the answers

In which era was behaviorism taught, influencing treatment methods for behavior disorders?

1920-1939 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Intelligence Testing

Charles Spearman developed the concept of general intelligence (g) in 1904.
Edward Thorndike emphasized separate abilities within intelligence.

WWI & The Military

Robert Yerkes of the APA developed Army Alpha and Army Beta tests to screen and classify military recruits during WWI.
This application of psychology in the U.S. military spurred a greater emphasis on clinical psychology.
Army Alpha was a test to classify men according to their ability levels.
Army Beta was a nonverbal version of the Army Alpha test.

Early Period of Diagnosis & Assessment (1920-1939)

Psychologists started using individual and group tests, both verbal, and nonverbal, bringing the term "intelligence quotients" into practice.
Nonverbal intelligence scales were gaining popularity, such as the Arthur Point Scale, the Cornell-Coxe Test, and the Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test.

Aptitude Tests

The Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Preference Record were used to measure vocational aptitude.

Intelligence Testing Continued

Louis Thurstone introduced Factor Analysis in 1927, sparking debates around intelligence theory.
David Wechsler released the Wechsler-Bellevue Test in 1939, becoming a widely used individual intelligence test for adults.

Behavioral & Personality Tests

Arnold Gesell's Developmental Scales, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale by Edgar Doll, provided methods for evaluating behavior based on social maturity.
Early personality tests include the Pressey X-O Test (for emotions), the Downey Will-Temperament Test, and the Allport-Vernon Study of Values.

The Rise of Projective Testing

Hermann Rorschach introduced the Rorschach Inkblot Test in 1921, employing inkblots to diagnose psychiatric patients.
L.K. Skinner's "Projective Technique" in 1953 applied operant principles to social interventions and therapy.
Joseph Wolpe developed Systematic Desensitization in 1958, a technique based on conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxieties, PTSD, and other issues.

Cognitive Therapy

Aaron Beck developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in 1962, a highly effective treatment for psychological problems, particularly depression.

Trends in Intervention

Clinical psychologists began to diversify their approaches to therapy, incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapies with other techniques.
The emergence of brief and time-effective therapies arose due to accessibility concerns.
Manualized forms of treatment were introduced for insurance companies, providing structure and standardization for therapy sessions.
Prevention of health problems, mental health problems, and injury became a crucial area of focus, leading to Community Psychology and Health Psychology.
Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs) gained popularity.
A call to authorize specialized psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medication emerged from the growing demand for comprehensive treatment.

Early Beginnings of Clinical Psychology Research (1850-1899)

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
William James published "Principles of Psychology" in 1890.

The Advent of Modern Clinical Psychology Research (1900-1919)

Ivan Pavlov's work on conditioned reflexes contributed significantly to classical conditioning theories and research in clinical psychology.
Terman's research on the Binet-Simon test reinforced its validity.
The development of Army Alpha and Army Beta tests provided valuable data during WWI.

Post-WWII Research

Intelligence and personality assessments continued to be researched in the 1950s, specifically focusing on the Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler scales.
Studies conducted on projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT aimed to improve their reliability and validity.
The rise of psychotherapy research, with early pioneers like Carl Rogers, aimed to better understand the process and effectiveness of therapy.
Julian Rotter's "Social Learning and Clinical Psychology" in 1954 contributed significantly to the field of social learning theory.
B.F. Skinner's work on behavior therapy, along with Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization, emerged as influential approaches.
Hans Eysenck contributed to the widespread adoption of behavior therapy.
DSM-III's introduction in the 1980s prompted research on evaluating its reliability, validity, and the influence of etiological factors in mental disorders.
The journal "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology" was split into two, with a new journal dedicated to Psychological Assessment.
Behavior genetics focused on investigating genetic and environmental influences on behavior, particularly intelligence, personality, and psychopathology.
Brain imaging technologies became increasingly important for investigating both structure and function, leading to advancements in understanding psychological disorders.

The Progression of the Clinical Psychology Profession

The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892 with a membership of less than 100.
Lightner Witmer established the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896, focusing on treating children with learning difficulties.
Witmer also coined the term "clinical psychology" and launched the first journal dedicated to the field, "The Psychological Clinic," which ended publication in 1935.
The APA initially focused on promoting psychology as a science rather than a profession.
The first section of clinical psychology was created within the APA.
In the early 20th century, public schools requested psychological testing services, prompting universities to offer courses and conduct research on cognitive limitations.

Defining the Profession

The APA initiated a committee to define clinical psychology as a profession.
"The Art and Technology of Human Adjustment Problems" became a defining description of clinical psychology.
The publication of the first clinical psychology textbook by Chauncey Lottit in 1936 solidified the field.
The Journal of Consulting Psychology emerged as a key platform for clinical research.
James McKeen Cattell established the Psychological Corporation to develop and market psychological tests.

WWII & Beyond

Large-scale screening programs were implemented in the early 1940s to identify individuals unfit for military service.
Over 1700 psychologists served in the US military during WWII.
The Veterans Administration (VA) became crucial in providing care and rehabilitation services for veterans suffering from emotional traumas.
The VA's role in training clinical psychologists significantly contributed to the growth of the profession.
By the 1950s, 42 schools offered doctorates in clinical psychology.
The US Public Health Service and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) provided support for clinical psychology graduate students.
Connecticut implemented the first certification law for psychologists.
The American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP) was established to certify the professional competence of Ph.D. holders.
The APA began to incorporate psychotherapy as an integral function of clinical psychology.
The APA started making recommendations for clinical psychologist training programs and certifying training programs.
The APA codified ethical behavior for psychologists through its "Ethical Standards."

Growth & Development

APA membership in the Clinical Division grew from 1,000 members in the 1950s to 7,250 in the 1960s, and further expanded to 16,644 in the 1970s.
"American Psychologist" became a significant journal for the field.
The Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology, held in Boulder, Colorado, aimed to establish the scientist-practitioner model for training clinical psychologists.

The Scientist-Practitioner Model

Clinical psychologists should receive their training in university departments.
Their training should prioritize psychology over clinical practice.
A clinical internship is a mandatory component of their training.
Competence in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and research is essential.
The culmination of their training should result in a Ph.D.

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Description

Explore the evolution of intelligence testing from the early 20th century through World War I. Learn about key figures like Charles Spearman and Edward Thorndike, and the development of tests used for military classification. Understand the impact of these assessments on clinical psychology and education.