History of Psychology: Session 10 - Testing
62 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who introduced the concept of phrenology?

  • Franz Joseph Gall (correct)
  • George Combe
  • Francis Galton
  • Johann Gaspar Spurzheim

What does phrenology primarily claim about the brain?

  • The brain is a collection of unrelated faculties.
  • The mind can be divided into multiple faculties located in specific brain areas. (correct)
  • The brain has no connection to the mind.
  • The brain's function is completely understood.

Which major contributor to phrenology developed a two-volume system?

  • Franz Joseph Gall
  • Sigmund Freud
  • George Combe (correct)
  • Carl Jung

What scientific concept did Gall and Spurzheim recognize that contributed to psychology's foundation?

<p>Functional localization in the cerebral cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which locations did Francis Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory operate?

<p>University of Cambridge and South Kensington Museum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of measurements did Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory provide?

<p>Physical measurements like stature and lung capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is credited with promoting phrenology widely along with Gall?

<p>George Combe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Francis Galton when he established his laboratory?

<p>To gather data for research on human measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct forms of intelligence according to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model?

<p>Fluid and crystallized intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a Stratum II ability in the CHC Theory?

<p>Visual-Spatial Abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is responsible for problem-solving in the CHC Model?

<p>Fluid Intelligence (Gf) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Wechsler scales, which specific ability is assessed through tasks like digit span and arithmetic?

<p>Working Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory categorize cognitive abilities?

<p>Through a three-stratum hierarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is assessed by the task of symbol search in the Wechsler scales?

<p>Processing Speed (Gs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Stratum III of the CHC Theory represent?

<p>Overall general intelligence factor (g) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a broad ability under Stratum II?

<p>Creativity Quotient (Cq) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Army Beta test?

<p>To evaluate nonverbal skills in recruits with inadequate English (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the Alpha and Beta tests differentiated in terms of administration?

<p>Alpha used written responses; Beta used group discussions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scoring system was utilized for the Alpha Beta intelligence tests?

<p>Grade ratings from A to E (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Wechsler emphasize in his clinical contributions?

<p>The use of psychological testing in patient care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major challenges faced by Yerkes’s division during the testing process?

<p>Resistance from the military regarding the tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the development of the new adult intelligence test by Wechsler?

<p>Inadequacy of the Stanford-Binet test for adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many participants were included in the standardization sample for Wechsler's test?

<p>1,586 participants from diverse backgrounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the top level of Carroll's hierarchical model of intelligence?

<p>General intelligence (g) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one limitation of the Army mental tests in evaluating recruits?

<p>They failed to measure key soldier traits like loyalty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the intended outcome of the military's intelligence testing program?

<p>To eliminate unfit recruits and identify exceptional intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development did Wechsler introduce in the IQ scoring system?

<p>Deviation IQ based on statistical mean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement did William Stern propose for intelligence?

<p>Ratio between mental age and chronological age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How quickly were intelligence ratings typically reported after the tests?

<p>Within 24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event initiated Wechsler's project for developing the Bellevue Intelligence Scale?

<p>A Works Progress Administration grant during the Great Depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence model combines aspects of Cattell and Horn's theories along with Carroll's contributions?

<p>Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) framework (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of scoring that impacted recruits' assessments?

<p>Illiterate recruits were frequently rated very low (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of the Bellevue Intelligence Scale's subtest structure?

<p>Subtests were sequenced by difficulty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original purpose of the Simon-Binet scale introduced in 1905?

<p>To assess children's general development and practical judgement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Bellevue Intelligence Scale published?

<p>1939 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was David Wechsler's status during his draft registration in April 1917?

<p>He was a conscientious objector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lewis Terman contribute to the field of intelligence testing?

<p>Developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the new IQ formula proposed by Terman?

<p>IQ = 100 * (Mental Age / Chronological Age) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Wechsler hold at NYU College of Medicine by 1941?

<p>Clinical psychologist and faculty member (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tests was Wechsler trained on during his military service?

<p>Army Alpha, Army Beta, and other intelligence tests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2009, how many broad ability factors did McGrew list in relation to Carroll's intelligence model?

<p>15 or 16 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event happened for Wechsler in June 1918?

<p>He became a naturalized U.S. citizen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what location did Wechsler conduct psychological assessments during World War I?

<p>Camp Logan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Goddard's contribution impact the intelligence scale?

<p>Translated the scale into English and popularized it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What idea did Wechsler develop during his time as an Army mental test examiner?

<p>An intelligence scale combining verbal and nonverbal tests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did Wechsler work after returning from his travels in Europe post-World War I?

<p>Psychopathic Hospital in Boston. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risks did Wechsler face due to his noncitizen status during the draft?

<p>Risk of deportation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Wechsler's discharge status after his military service?

<p>He was honorably discharged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

which sentences are true for the Pearson correlation

<p>linear relationship (A), covariance measures the extent to which two variables change together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

"when the temperature increases the ice cream is sold increases too" is a positive covariance

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what measures in a set of values the dispersion/variation (from the mean)

<p>Standard Deviation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales measure the factors: Verbal comprehension; visual-spatial abilities; Working memory and processing speed

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intelligence tests are suitable for children

<p>Ravens progressive matrices (A), WPPSI-IV (Wechsler Preschool and Primary scale of Intelligence) (B), Binet-Simon Scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spearmans rank-order correlation was suitable for ordinal, interval, ratio scales and non linear monotonic data

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavioural Genetics is:

<p>the field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on animal behaviour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

in behavioural genetics the inheritance of behavioural traits is often gathered through the use of twin study or adoption study

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

allocate the features to Pearsons or Spearmans correlation

<p>Data used: Ranks = data used: raw values sensitive to outliners = less sensitive to outliners continious, linearm normally distributed data is suitable = monotonic relationships (interest in increasing or decreasing) linear relationships (constant rate of change) = ordinal, interval, ratio scales, non linear monotonic data is suitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

where is the Heritability statistics used

<p>in breeding an genetics works (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

which are main Types of psychological tests

<p>aptitude test (A), interest inventories (C), behavioral procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aptitude tests measure traits, qualities or behaviours that determine a persons individuality such test include f.e. projective techniquess

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

which psychological test fits for this description: Measure a individusld preference for certain activities or topics and thereby help determine occupational choice

<p>Interest Inventories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

The ability to solve new problems without prior knowledge or experience.

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

The knowledge and skills acquired through learning and experience.

Visual-Spatial Abilities (Gv)

The ability to perceive and manipulate visual information, such as shapes, patterns, and spatial relationships.

Working Memory (Gwm)

The ability to hold and manipulate information in your mind for brief periods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Processing Speed (Gs)

The speed at which you can perform simple cognitive tasks, such as reacting to stimuli or making decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CHC Theory (Cattell-Horn-Carroll)

A theory that structures cognitive abilities into three levels: narrow abilities, broad abilities, and general ability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stratum I (Narrow Abilities)

Specific skills like spelling ability, reaction time, or knowledge of specific facts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stratum III (General Ability)

The overall general intelligence factor, often referred to as 'g'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Army Alpha Test

A written intelligence test used for recruits who could read English.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Army Beta Test

A nonverbal intelligence test for recruits with limited English proficiency or illiteracy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Administration Process of Army Tests

Recruits were divided based on their reading ability. Alpha for readers, Beta for non-readers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intelligence Ratings

Scores from A (very superior) to E (very inferior) indicated suitability for different military roles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Challenges of Army Tests

Some resistance was faced from the military, and the tests were criticized for low scores among minorities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of Army Tests

Identified recruits with high and low intelligence, aiding personnel decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Military Objectives of Army Tests

To eliminate unfit recruits, identify exceptional intelligence, and balance military units' intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Limitations of Army Tests

While successful in assessing intelligence, they didn't measure crucial traits like loyalty or bravery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Draft Registration

Wechsler registered for the draft in 1917, claiming conscientious objector status, alien status, and physical disabilities to avoid service.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public Perception of Conscientious Objectors

Conscientious objectors faced contempt and risked arrest or imprisonment during WWI.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Induction into the Army

Despite initial attempts to avoid service, Wechsler was inducted into the Army in 1918 to become a mental test examiner.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Training as an Army Examiner

Wechsler received extensive training in various psychological tests, including the Army Alpha, Army Beta, and Stanford-Binet, along with military procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Naturalization

In 1918, Wechsler became a naturalized U.S. citizen due to a new law allowing expedited naturalization for aliens in the armed forces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Service at Camp Logan

At Camp Logan, Wechsler assessed recruits with limited English proficiency and illiteracy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Development of Assessment Ideas

During his time as an Army examiner, Wechsler developed ideas for an intelligence scale combining verbal and nonverbal testing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Post-War Activities

After the war, Wechsler participated in the AEF University program, gaining further education and professional connections, shaping his future career in assessment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carroll's Hierarchical Model

A model of intelligence organized in a hierarchy with general intelligence (g) at the top, followed by broad factors and then narrow factors. This model proposed by John B. Carroll integrates the work of Cattell and Horn.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Framework

A comprehensive framework for intelligence assessment, combining the theories of Cattell, Horn, and Carroll. It emphasizes the hierarchical structure of intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factor Analysis

A statistical technique used to identify underlying factors or dimensions that explain correlations among a set of variables. Carroll's work heavily relied on factor analysis to support his hierarchical model.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Influence on Intelligence Testing

The CHC model has profoundly impacted the development of modern intelligence tests, influencing their structure and the identification of various cognitive abilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

An influential intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman, it expanded on the original Binet-Simon scale and introduced the concept of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A numerical measure of intelligence derived from standardized tests, representing an individual's mental age relative to their chronological age.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binet-Simon Scale

The first widely recognized test of intelligence, developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, aiming to identify children with learning difficulties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Age

A concept introduced by Binet, it represents the intellectual level of a person based on their performance on an intelligence test, regardless of their actual age.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Early Career

David Wechsler started his career as a psychologist at the New York Bureau of Children's Guidance in 1922, later working on projects like a driving simulator and psychometric tests for taxicab drivers. He then became a chief psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in 1941, revolutionizing the role of psychologists in psychiatric hospitals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What prompted Wechsler's intelligence test?

The existing Stanford-Binet test was inadequate for adults, and the Army mental tests were unsuitable for clinical decision-making. This gap in assessment tools led Wechsler to develop a new adult intelligence test.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wechsler's Test Development Approach

Wechsler combined existing tests into a streamlined and practical intelligence scale for practicing psychologists. He carefully selected subtests based on their clinical usefulness and psychometric soundness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Funding for Wechsler's Test

The Bellevue Intelligence Scale was developed with financial support from the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bellevue Intelligence Scale: Development Timeline

The Bellevue Intelligence Scale took 7 years to develop and underwent trials in 1937 and 1938.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subtest Selection in Wechsler's Test

Wechsler carefully chose subtests from existing tests, ensuring they were clinically useful, psychometrically adequate, and formed a cohesive battery to assess intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bellevue Intelligence Scale: Standardization Sample

The standardization sample for the Bellevue Intelligence Scale consisted of 1,586 individuals from New York, carefully selected based on factors like age, sex, education, and occupation. However, the sample was limited to English-speaking white examinees.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bellevue Intelligence Scale: Structure

The Bellevue Intelligence Scale was structured with 10 subtests, arranged in order of difficulty. It provided separate scores for Verbal IQ and Performance IQ.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phrenology

A theory in the early 19th century that claimed different personality traits and mental abilities were linked to the size and shape of specific parts of the skull.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Franz Joseph Gall

A Viennese physician and neuroanatomist who introduced cranioscopy, the forerunner of phrenology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Johann Gaspar Spurzheim

Gall's associate who popularized phrenology and renamed it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

George Combe

A Scotsman who popularized phrenology, developed a two-volume system, and wrote 'The Constitution of Man.'

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Localization

The idea that different brain areas are responsible for specific mental functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Francis Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory

A laboratory in London established by Francis Galton in the late 1800s that collected data on various physical and mental traits through measurements and tests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purpose of Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory

To gather data for research on human variation, including sensory abilities, physical characteristics, and intelligence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Measurements at Galton's Laboratory

These included sensory acuity, stature, strength, and lung capacity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

History of Psychology: Session 10 - Psychological Testing

  • Session 10 focused on the history of psychological testing, especially intelligence testing.
  • Key objectives included identifying major events in the field, related statistical methods, and associated controversies.
  • The development of psychological testing involved three main phases: devising measures of mental capacity, creating systems for comparing individuals (norms, scales), and developing methods for evaluating relationships between test scores and predictive criteria.
  • Psychological testing involves the administration of psychological tests, which are standardized measures of behavioral samples.
  • These tests assess various constructs, such as academic achievement, cognitive ability, aptitude, emotional functioning, and personality.
  • Psychometrics is the science behind psychological testing, focusing on test development, validation, and application.

Main Types of Psychological Tests

  • Intelligence Tests: Measure overall cognitive abilities relevant to academic or occupational potential.
  • Aptitude Tests: Assess specific skills or task capabilities.
  • Achievement Tests: Evaluate learning or accomplishment in a subject or task.
  • Creativity Tests: Measure the capacity for novel and unconventional thinking.
  • Personality Tests: Assess individual traits and behaviors.
  • Interest Inventories: Measure preferences for activities or topics, aiding career choices.
  • Behavioral Procedures: Observe and document behaviors, antecedents, and consequences.
  • Neuropsychological Tests: Assess cognitive, sensory, perceptual, and motor functions to identify brain damage.

From Mental Tests to Latent Constructs

  • Three key developments shaped the evolution of modern psychological testing:
    • Developing methods to measure mental capacity.
    • Establishing methods to compare individuals (norms, scores).
    • Developing methodologies for assessing links between tests and predictive criteria.
  • This interaction between psychology and statistics contributed to the longevity of the field.

Pioneers in Psychological Testing

  • Franz Joseph Gall: Introduced cranioscopy, later known as phrenology, laying the groundwork for psychological measurement.
  • Johann Gaspar Spurzheim: Prominent proponent of phrenology.
  • George Combe: Popularized phrenology and developed a two-volume system.
  • Francis Galton: Established the anthropometric laboratory to collect physical measurements and tests, pioneered test batteries and statistical methods (correlation and regression).
  • James McKeen Cattell: Established a psychological laboratory in the U.S., combined physical and mental tests.

The Binet-Simon Scale

  • Created by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
  • Intended to identify children with learning difficulties.
  • Developed a series of tasks to evaluate different cognitive abilities.
  • Introduced a graded approach to measure mental level in children (mental age).
  • Its translation and adaptation by Henry H. Goddard significantly impacted the use of intelligence testing in the US.

Stanford-Binet Scale

  • Terman adapted Binet's test.
  • Became the widely used intelligence test in the U.S.
  • Improved standardization and structure.
  • Terman's work significantly influenced educational practices related to student grouping and curricula.

Army Alpha and Beta Tests

  • Developed during WWI for large-scale assessment of army recruits.
  • Standardized, group-administered tests.
  • The Alpha test was for literate recruits, while Beta was for those with limited literacy or English proficiency.
  • Provided significant data for personnel decisions and highlighted the applicability of psychological testing in substantial contexts.
  • Revealed the presence of intelligence differences among recruits.

Wechsler Intelligence Scales

  • Developed by David Wechsler to address limitations of existing intelligence tests for adults.
  • Introduced deviation IQ scores (standard scores based on statistical comparisons to the normative sample) rather than a ratio of mental to chronological age.

Progressive Matrices

  • Developed by John Raven, this non-verbal test assesses fluid intelligence.
  • Employs matrices with missing elements for subjects to identify patterns and solve for the missing piece.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Psychological Testing Quiz PDF

Description

Explore the significant milestones in psychological testing, including intelligence testing, in this informative session. We'll delve into the development phases, key statistical methods, and ongoing controversies in the field. Gain insights into the nature and purpose of various psychological tests and the science of psychometrics.

More Like This

Understanding Intelligence and IQ Testing
5 questions

Understanding Intelligence and IQ Testing

MerryMeter avatar
MerryMeter
Intelligence and Testing Methods
25 questions

Intelligence and Testing Methods

RenewedOgre8185 avatar
RenewedOgre8185
Psicometria e Intelligenza
47 questions

Psicometria e Intelligenza

PeerlessAlgorithm avatar
PeerlessAlgorithm
History of Psychological Testing
45 questions

History of Psychological Testing

FuturisticGermanium avatar
FuturisticGermanium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser