Psychology Chapter: Classical and Operant Conditioning
48 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does Thorndike's Law of Effect suggest about behaviors leading to satisfying effects?

  • These behaviors have no significant impact on future actions.
  • These behaviors are likely to become less frequent.
  • These behaviors are likely to recur. (correct)
  • These behaviors are reinforced by punishment.

    • Which of the following terms did B.F. Skinner coin to describe active behaviors influencing the environment?

  • Active reinforcement
  • Operant (correct)
  • Behavioral response
  • Operative conditioning

    • How did B.F. Skinner view the field of psychology in terms of the phenomena studied?

  • It should focus exclusively on human experiences. (correct)
  • It should include various philosophical discussions.
  • It should aim to understand the subconscious mind.
  • It should examine both human and animal behaviors equally.

    • What is the primary function of the lever in the Skinner box as observed during experiments?

    <p>To dispense food pellets as a reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Thorndike's research primarily focus on in relation to animal behavior?

    <p>Trial and error learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior did Skinner emphasize in his research methods?

    <p>Measurable and observable responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of a response that leads to unpleasant effects according to Thorndike's findings?

    <p>It is likely to become less frequent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Skinner's principles, what can the term 'operant conditioning' best be described as?

    <p>A process where behaviors are modified through rewards or punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

    <p>The neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Thorndike's Law of Effect?

    <p>Responses followed by satisfying effects are more likely to recur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Thorndike's Puzzle Box, what type of learning does the experiment primarily illustrate?

    <p>Trial and error learning through gradual refinement of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a conditioned stimulus trigger in the context of classical conditioning?

    <p>A conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial role of the neutral stimulus when first introduced in a classical conditioning scenario?

    <p>It does not elicit any response until conditioned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when constructing the stem of a multiple-choice question?

    <p>Presenting a definite problem that is meaningful by itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the options in a multiple-choice question is true?

    <p>Distractors should be plausible and represent common misconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it appropriate to negatively state a question in a multiple-choice format?

    <p>Only when significant learning outcomes require it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when selecting distractors for a multiple-choice question?

    <p>Using distractors that could also be considered correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be ensured about the correct answer in a multiple-choice question?

    <p>It must be identified as the best answer based on provided content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>It shows responses can be learned more quickly after extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stimulus generalization benefit an organism?

    <p>By enabling the response to occur for similar stimuli, enhancing survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stimulus discrimination play in the learning process?

    <p>It aids in differentiating between threatening and nonthreatening stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after extinction?

    <p>The conditioned response may return more quickly than before.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

    <p>To naturally and automatically trigger a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Phase 3 of classical conditioning, what is the learned response called?

    <p>Conditioned response (CR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the neutral stimulus (NS) become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>During Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines the unconditioned response (UR)?

    <p>A response that is naturally triggered by an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after the conditioning process?

    <p>The neutral stimulus (NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serves as an example of a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>Salivation triggered by a ticking metronome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does classical conditioning explain the association between lightning and thunder?

    <p>The sound of thunder becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS) before conditioning occurs?

    <p>It has no impact on the response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>The CS must precede the US for effective learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'learning' specifically refer to in a psychological context?

    <p>A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, which type of stimulus is paired with a response-producing stimulus?

    <p>Neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he discovered classical conditioning?

    <p>The role of saliva in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome represents a successful demonstration of classical conditioning?

    <p>The subject begins to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the process referred to as conditioning in psychology?

    <p>Learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?

    <p>Conditioned stimuli elicit responses only after association with unconditioned stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines operant conditioning?

    <p>A learning process that alters behavior by modifying consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes positive reinforcement?

    <p>It adds a reinforcing stimulus after a response is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reinforcement, what does a discriminative stimulus do?

    <p>It signals the likelihood of a particular response being reinforced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?

    <p>It results in avoidance or escape from a punishing stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates negative reinforcement?

    <p>A student studies to avoid failing a test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a parent praising a child for brushing their teeth exemplify reinforcement?

    <p>It is a form of positive reinforcement enhancing the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of increasing a behavior's frequency through removal of an aversive stimulus?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a desirable behavior is consistently ignored?

    <p>The likelihood of the behavior being repeated decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what aspect should be manipulated to achieve reinforcement?

    <p>The timing of the reinforcement in relation to the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for reinforcement to occur after a response?

    <p>Because it helps the individual associate the response with the reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning associated with neutral stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, and unconditioned responses.
    • Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not elicit a response.
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally and automatically triggers a response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): The natural response to the US.
    • Ivan Pavlov's experiment involved dogs and the pairing of a ticking metronome (NS) with food (US) to trigger salivation.
    • After repeated pairings, the previously neutral stimulus (NS) became a conditioned stimulus (CS).
    • The learned response of salivation to the CS became the conditioned response (CR).
    • **Classical Conditioning: ** Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits a response.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning: Process of leaning associations between behaviors & their consequences.
    • Thorndike's Law of Effect: Responses followed by satisfying effects are more likely to recur, while those with unpleasant effects are less likely to occur.
    • B.F.Skinner: Focused on the study of observable behaviors and their consequences.
    • Skinner's Operant Conditioning: Behavior followed by reinforcement is more likely to be repeated.
    • Positive Reinforcement: The response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus.
    • Negative Reinforcement: The response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus.

    Extinction

    • The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.
    • Involves breaking the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction.
    • The response can be acquired more quickly than the original conditioning.

    Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

    • The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit a CR.
    • Stimulus Discrimination: Differentiating between stimuli so that stimuli related to the CS, but not identical, fail to elicit a CR.

    John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning

    • Conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating the acquisition of fear through classical conditioning.
    • Showed how neutral stimuli could be associated with negative emotions, impacting future reactions.
    • Watson's "playing with fear" experiment highlights the potential for classical conditioning to influence emotional responses.

    Additional Notes

    • Pavlov's Dogs: The study involved dogs being conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, previously associated with food.
    • Thorndike's Puzzle Box: Demonstrated that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box through a series of trials and errors, eventually associating their actions with a successful outcome.
    • Skinner Box: A laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning, often with a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement.
    • Diagram of Classical Conditioning: The diagram shows the three stages of classical conditioning, visually representing the process of associating neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the concepts of classical and operant conditioning in psychology through this quiz. Learn about key terms such as neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, and the implications of Thorndike's Law of Effect. Test your understanding of how behaviors are shaped through associations.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser