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Questions and Answers
What does Thorndike's Law of Effect suggest about behaviors leading to satisfying effects?
What does Thorndike's Law of Effect suggest about behaviors leading to satisfying effects?
- These behaviors have no significant impact on future actions.
- These behaviors are likely to become less frequent.
- These behaviors are likely to recur. (correct)
- These behaviors are reinforced by punishment.
Which of the following terms did B.F. Skinner coin to describe active behaviors influencing the environment?
Which of the following terms did B.F. Skinner coin to describe active behaviors influencing the environment?
- Active reinforcement
- Operant (correct)
- Behavioral response
- Operative conditioning
How did B.F. Skinner view the field of psychology in terms of the phenomena studied?
How did B.F. Skinner view the field of psychology in terms of the phenomena studied?
- It should focus exclusively on human experiences. (correct)
- It should include various philosophical discussions.
- It should aim to understand the subconscious mind.
- It should examine both human and animal behaviors equally.
What is the primary function of the lever in the Skinner box as observed during experiments?
What is the primary function of the lever in the Skinner box as observed during experiments?
What does Thorndike's research primarily focus on in relation to animal behavior?
What does Thorndike's research primarily focus on in relation to animal behavior?
What aspect of behavior did Skinner emphasize in his research methods?
What aspect of behavior did Skinner emphasize in his research methods?
What is a likely outcome of a response that leads to unpleasant effects according to Thorndike's findings?
What is a likely outcome of a response that leads to unpleasant effects according to Thorndike's findings?
In the context of Skinner's principles, what can the term 'operant conditioning' best be described as?
In the context of Skinner's principles, what can the term 'operant conditioning' best be described as?
What is the primary outcome of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
What is the primary outcome of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?
Which statement accurately reflects Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Which statement accurately reflects Thorndike's Law of Effect?
In the context of Thorndike's Puzzle Box, what type of learning does the experiment primarily illustrate?
In the context of Thorndike's Puzzle Box, what type of learning does the experiment primarily illustrate?
What does a conditioned stimulus trigger in the context of classical conditioning?
What does a conditioned stimulus trigger in the context of classical conditioning?
What is the initial role of the neutral stimulus when first introduced in a classical conditioning scenario?
What is the initial role of the neutral stimulus when first introduced in a classical conditioning scenario?
What is the primary focus when constructing the stem of a multiple-choice question?
What is the primary focus when constructing the stem of a multiple-choice question?
Which of the following statements about the options in a multiple-choice question is true?
Which of the following statements about the options in a multiple-choice question is true?
When is it appropriate to negatively state a question in a multiple-choice format?
When is it appropriate to negatively state a question in a multiple-choice format?
What should be avoided when selecting distractors for a multiple-choice question?
What should be avoided when selecting distractors for a multiple-choice question?
What must be ensured about the correct answer in a multiple-choice question?
What must be ensured about the correct answer in a multiple-choice question?
What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?
What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?
What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
How does stimulus generalization benefit an organism?
How does stimulus generalization benefit an organism?
What role does stimulus discrimination play in the learning process?
What role does stimulus discrimination play in the learning process?
What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after extinction?
What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after extinction?
What is the primary role of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?
What is the primary role of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?
In Phase 3 of classical conditioning, what is the learned response called?
In Phase 3 of classical conditioning, what is the learned response called?
During which phase does the neutral stimulus (NS) become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
During which phase does the neutral stimulus (NS) become associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Which statement correctly defines the unconditioned response (UR)?
Which statement correctly defines the unconditioned response (UR)?
What becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after the conditioning process?
What becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) after the conditioning process?
Which of the following serves as an example of a conditioned response (CR)?
Which of the following serves as an example of a conditioned response (CR)?
How does classical conditioning explain the association between lightning and thunder?
How does classical conditioning explain the association between lightning and thunder?
What is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS) before conditioning occurs?
What is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS) before conditioning occurs?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What does 'learning' specifically refer to in a psychological context?
What does 'learning' specifically refer to in a psychological context?
In classical conditioning, which type of stimulus is paired with a response-producing stimulus?
In classical conditioning, which type of stimulus is paired with a response-producing stimulus?
What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he discovered classical conditioning?
What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he discovered classical conditioning?
Which outcome represents a successful demonstration of classical conditioning?
Which outcome represents a successful demonstration of classical conditioning?
What is the primary focus of the process referred to as conditioning in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the process referred to as conditioning in psychology?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli in classical conditioning?
What defines operant conditioning?
What defines operant conditioning?
Which statement accurately describes positive reinforcement?
Which statement accurately describes positive reinforcement?
In the context of reinforcement, what does a discriminative stimulus do?
In the context of reinforcement, what does a discriminative stimulus do?
What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?
What is the effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?
Which example best illustrates negative reinforcement?
Which example best illustrates negative reinforcement?
How does a parent praising a child for brushing their teeth exemplify reinforcement?
How does a parent praising a child for brushing their teeth exemplify reinforcement?
Which term describes the process of increasing a behavior's frequency through removal of an aversive stimulus?
Which term describes the process of increasing a behavior's frequency through removal of an aversive stimulus?
What happens when a desirable behavior is consistently ignored?
What happens when a desirable behavior is consistently ignored?
In operant conditioning, what aspect should be manipulated to achieve reinforcement?
In operant conditioning, what aspect should be manipulated to achieve reinforcement?
Why is it essential for reinforcement to occur after a response?
Why is it essential for reinforcement to occur after a response?
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning associated with neutral stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, and unconditioned responses.
- Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not elicit a response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally and automatically triggers a response.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The natural response to the US.
- Ivan Pavlov's experiment involved dogs and the pairing of a ticking metronome (NS) with food (US) to trigger salivation.
- After repeated pairings, the previously neutral stimulus (NS) became a conditioned stimulus (CS).
- The learned response of salivation to the CS became the conditioned response (CR).
- **Classical Conditioning: ** Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits a response.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning: Process of leaning associations between behaviors & their consequences.
- Thorndike's Law of Effect: Responses followed by satisfying effects are more likely to recur, while those with unpleasant effects are less likely to occur.
- B.F.Skinner: Focused on the study of observable behaviors and their consequences.
- Skinner's Operant Conditioning: Behavior followed by reinforcement is more likely to be repeated.
- Positive Reinforcement: The response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus.
- Negative Reinforcement: The response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus.
Extinction
- The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.
- Involves breaking the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
- The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction.
- The response can be acquired more quickly than the original conditioning.
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
- The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit a CR.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Differentiating between stimuli so that stimuli related to the CS, but not identical, fail to elicit a CR.
John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning
- Conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating the acquisition of fear through classical conditioning.
- Showed how neutral stimuli could be associated with negative emotions, impacting future reactions.
- Watson's "playing with fear" experiment highlights the potential for classical conditioning to influence emotional responses.
Additional Notes
- Pavlov's Dogs: The study involved dogs being conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, previously associated with food.
- Thorndike's Puzzle Box: Demonstrated that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box through a series of trials and errors, eventually associating their actions with a successful outcome.
- Skinner Box: A laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning, often with a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement.
- Diagram of Classical Conditioning: The diagram shows the three stages of classical conditioning, visually representing the process of associating neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli.
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Description
Explore the concepts of classical and operant conditioning in psychology through this quiz. Learn about key terms such as neutral stimulus, unconditioned response, and the implications of Thorndike's Law of Effect. Test your understanding of how behaviors are shaped through associations.