Psychology Chapter 8: Conditioning Comparisons
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are forms of associative learning? (Select all that apply)

  • Sensory Conditioning
  • Classical Conditioning (correct)
  • Operant Conditioning (correct)
  • Cognitive Learning
  • What is the response in classical conditioning?

    involuntary, automatic

    What is the response in operant conditioning?

    voluntary, operates on environment

    What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

    <p>associating events; CS announces US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acquisition in operant conditioning?

    <p>associating response with a consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive processes in classical conditioning involve?

    <p>organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive processes in operant conditioning involve?

    <p>organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biological predispositions in classical conditioning?

    <p>natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biological predispositions in operant conditioning?

    <p>organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>kid hating all dogs after being bit by one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generalization in operant conditioning?

    <p>kid knowing that a smack comes after mom yells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>conditioned behavior reappears after extinguished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?

    <p>strengthened/weakened behavior reemerges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

    <p>differentiate between conditioned behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discrimination in operant conditioning?

    <p>differentiate between reinforced/punished behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

    • Both classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning involving processes such as acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
    • Cognitive processes and biological predispositions influence both types of conditioning.

    Response Characteristics

    • Classical Conditioning: Responses are involuntary and automatic, initiated by stimuli.
    • Operant Conditioning: Responses are voluntary and engage with the environment, often influenced by consequences.

    Acquisition

    • Classical Conditioning: Involves associating a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a response.
    • Operant Conditioning: Involves associating a behavior with its consequences, whether reinforcement or punishment.

    Cognitive Processes

    • Classical Conditioning: Organisms learn to anticipate the arrival of a US based on the CS, indicating a level of cognitive expectation.
    • Operant Conditioning: Organisms develop expectations regarding whether their responses will be reinforced or punished, shaping future behavior.

    Biological Predispositions

    • Classical Conditioning: Organisms are naturally predisposed to associate certain stimuli with specific responses, which can limit the effectiveness of learning.
    • Operant Conditioning: Learning is optimized when behavior aligns with a species' natural behavior patterns, facilitating easier adaptation.

    Generalization

    • Classical Conditioning: A child may develop a fear of all dogs after being bitten by one, demonstrating generalization of a conditioned response.
    • Operant Conditioning: A child learns that being yelled at by a parent may lead to punishment, applying the learned response to similar situations.

    Spontaneous Recovery

    • Classical Conditioning: A previously extinguished conditioned response may spontaneously reappear, revealing that learning is not entirely erased.
    • Operant Conditioning: Behavior that has been reinforced or punished may also resurface, indicating fluctuating patterns in behavior reinforcement.

    Discrimination

    • Classical Conditioning: Ability to differentiate between similar stimuli that do or do not elicit a conditioned response.
    • Operant Conditioning: Ability to identify which behaviors will lead to reinforcement versus punishment, helping fine-tune responses.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of classical and operant conditioning in this quiz. This chapter focuses on the similarities and differences between these two forms of associative learning. Test your knowledge about responses, mechanisms, and cognitive influences involved in both conditioning types.

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