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Questions and Answers
What defines primary reinforcers?
What defines primary reinforcers?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
What is the primary effect of punishment?
What is the primary effect of punishment?
According to the content, when is punishment most effective?
According to the content, when is punishment most effective?
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What did Skinner's experiment with rats illustrate about punishment?
What did Skinner's experiment with rats illustrate about punishment?
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What might happen to children who are frequently spanked, according to the findings presented?
What might happen to children who are frequently spanked, according to the findings presented?
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Which of the following statements regarding the correlation between spanking and behavior in children is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding the correlation between spanking and behavior in children is accurate?
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What is a potential consequence of using severe punishment on children?
What is a potential consequence of using severe punishment on children?
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What behavior do children exhibit towards the doll after watching aggressive films?
What behavior do children exhibit towards the doll after watching aggressive films?
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What is termed as vicarious reinforcement?
What is termed as vicarious reinforcement?
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What was the outcome for the children who were not exposed to a story about the consequences of cheating?
What was the outcome for the children who were not exposed to a story about the consequences of cheating?
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What role does self-efficacy play in imitating behaviors?
What role does self-efficacy play in imitating behaviors?
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What does self-reinforcement involve?
What does self-reinforcement involve?
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Why did Ron Ash continue to smoke while reading academic journals?
Why did Ron Ash continue to smoke while reading academic journals?
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What is a common effect of observing high-quality performance in peers?
What is a common effect of observing high-quality performance in peers?
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What typically characterizes vicarious punishment?
What typically characterizes vicarious punishment?
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What behavior was the rat trained to perform before receiving reinforcement?
What behavior was the rat trained to perform before receiving reinforcement?
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What is a key characteristic of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule?
What is a key characteristic of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule?
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What is an example of a variable-ratio schedule?
What is an example of a variable-ratio schedule?
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How do animals respond under a fixed-interval schedule?
How do animals respond under a fixed-interval schedule?
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Which schedule provides reinforcement at varying time intervals?
Which schedule provides reinforcement at varying time intervals?
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What behavior might suggest a fixed-ratio schedule is in use?
What behavior might suggest a fixed-ratio schedule is in use?
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In which scenario does a fixed-interval schedule likely apply?
In which scenario does a fixed-interval schedule likely apply?
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Which of the following behaviors is least likely to be reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
Which of the following behaviors is least likely to be reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
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What term describes the initial stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning?
What term describes the initial stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning?
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What process occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
What process occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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What happens during spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What happens during spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
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Stimulus generalization occurs when:
Stimulus generalization occurs when:
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In the given example of the alarm clock, what kind of behavioral strategy is being employed when distinguishing between clicks?
In the given example of the alarm clock, what kind of behavioral strategy is being employed when distinguishing between clicks?
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Why is extinction not considered the same as forgetting?
Why is extinction not considered the same as forgetting?
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Which of the following best describes the transition of a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus?
Which of the following best describes the transition of a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus?
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If someone successfully distinguishes between different brands of similar products, which concept are they demonstrating?
If someone successfully distinguishes between different brands of similar products, which concept are they demonstrating?
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What does behaviorism primarily focus on in psychology?
What does behaviorism primarily focus on in psychology?
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What was Ivan Pavlov originally researching when he discovered classical conditioning?
What was Ivan Pavlov originally researching when he discovered classical conditioning?
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What is meant by 'psychological secretion' in Pavlov's work?
What is meant by 'psychological secretion' in Pavlov's work?
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How does behaviorism seek to control behavior?
How does behaviorism seek to control behavior?
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According to behaviorism, what primarily causes behavior?
According to behaviorism, what primarily causes behavior?
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What is the role of classical conditioning in learning as suggested by Pavlov?
What is the role of classical conditioning in learning as suggested by Pavlov?
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Which of the following statements aligns with behaviorism's guiding principle?
Which of the following statements aligns with behaviorism's guiding principle?
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What concept did Pavlov's initial observation lead to in the field of psychology?
What concept did Pavlov's initial observation lead to in the field of psychology?
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What was the primary behavior observed in the cat during Thorndike's experiments?
What was the primary behavior observed in the cat during Thorndike's experiments?
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How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
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According to Thorndike, what contributes to an increase in the likelihood of a behavior?
According to Thorndike, what contributes to an increase in the likelihood of a behavior?
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What did John Watson express about the influence of environment on behavior?
What did John Watson express about the influence of environment on behavior?
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What does reinforcement involve according to the concept described?
What does reinforcement involve according to the concept described?
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What was indicated about the nature of animal learning in the context discussed?
What was indicated about the nature of animal learning in the context discussed?
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What is the significance of the study where individuals smelled chemicals before electrical shocks?
What is the significance of the study where individuals smelled chemicals before electrical shocks?
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What aspect of reinforcement did Thorndike's methodology revolutionize?
What aspect of reinforcement did Thorndike's methodology revolutionize?
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Study Notes
Unit 8 - Learning
- The unit covers learning, behaviorism, and classical conditioning.
- The textbook for the unit is Kalat, J. (2010). Introduction to Psychology (12th Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- The content corresponds to Chapter 6, Modules 6.1-6.3 of the textbook excluding Explanations of Classical Conditioning (pp. 184-186) and Drug Tolerance as an Example of Classical Conditioning (pp. 186-187).
- Behaviorism is a form of psychological empiricism.
- Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts or feelings.
- In the legal system, witnesses are not allowed to describe internal states like "nervous and worried" but instead use observable descriptions like "trembling".
- A human being is born with almost no mobility, which is not a bad thing.
- Surviving and thriving involve learning what is safe and unsafe.
- Learning is about establishing and changing behavior.
- Theories of learning explain why we react to different stimuli, e.g., salivating at the sight of food.
Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning
- The instructor is Themistoklis Pantazakos, Ph.D.
- Contact information includes Email: [email protected] and Office: DC 709.
Classical Conditioning: History
- Ivan Pavlov, the father of classical conditioning, won the Nobel Prize in 1904.
- Pavlov's work focused originally on digestion
- Pavlov observed that dogs salivated at the sight of the researcher entering the laboratory before food was presented – "psychological secretion".
- Pavlov believed these learned responses could be transferred from one stimulus to another.
- This is "classical conditioning".
Classical Conditioning: Method
- When Pavlov gave the dog food, it salivated without training – this is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR).
- The metronome sound was a neutral stimulus at first.
- By pairing the metronome with the food, the dog eventually salivated at the sound of the metronome. This has now become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR).
Classical Conditioning: Extinction
- If the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned response (CR) will eventually disappear – extinction.
- Extinction is not forgetting; it is actively facilitated.
Classical Conditioning: Spontaneous Recovery
- After a period of extinction, a previously extinguished response may reappear in a weakened form when the conditioned stimulus is presented. This is known as spontaneous recovery.
Classical Conditioning: Stimulus Generalization
- Stimulus generalization is when a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a similar response.
- For example, if a bee stings you, you might develop a fear of other stinging insects, such as wasps and hornets, as they are similar in their properties.
Classical Conditioning: Discrimination
- If an animal is reinforced for responding to a specific stimulus but not to similar stimuli, it learns to discriminate between them.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences.
- Animals will attempt different actions (R1, R2, R3...) to achieve desired outcomes.
- Reinforcement increases the probability of repeating a behavior.
- Punishment decreases its probability.
Operant Conditioning: History
- Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior using puzzle boxes demonstrating gradually consistent improvement by animals during experiments to escape the box.
- Thorndike observed that the success rate increased over time without assuming the animal "understood" the mechanism.
Operant Conditioning: Positive/Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
- Operant conditioning has positive reinforcement (introducing a desired stimulus to encourage a behavior).
- Negative reinforcement (removing an undesirable stimulus to encourage a behavior).
- Positive punishment (introducing an undesirable stimulus to discourage a behavior).
- Negative punishment (removing a desired stimulus to discourage a behavior).
Operant Conditioning: Effectiveness of Punishment
- Punishment is most effective when it's immediate and predictable.
- Irregular or delayed punishment is less effective.
Operant Conditioning: Punishment for Children
- The effectiveness to spank a child is disputed.
- The effect of spanking is a disputed topic. Some research indicates a correlation between frequent spanking and problematic behavior in children, but it is not fully understood whether spanking causes problematic behavior or if problematic behaviors cause parents to resort to it.
- If severe or consistent. spanking may result in unwanted consequences.
- Mild spanking, when used as a last resort to stop the initial unwanted behavior, may have less harmful long-term effects.
Operant Conditioning: Extinction
- Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when a behavior stops producing reinforcements
Operant Conditioning: Generalization
- Generalization in operant conditioning occurs when a similar stimulus to the stimulus associated with reinforcement elicits a similar response.
Operant Conditioning: Discrimination
- Discrimination in operant conditioning occurs when an animal learns to respond differently to different stimuli.
Applied Behavior Analysis
- Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is an approach used to enhance desirable behaviors by removing reinforcement from unwanted ones and reinforcing those preferred.
Variations of Learning: Preparedness
- Certain types of learning are easier than others. This is called preparedness. Animals are more readily able to learn things that are evolutionarily advantageous.
Variations of Learning: Social Learning
- Humans learn from others' behavior.
- Imitation/modeling is common in learning how to act.
- We can observe and modify our actions based on those around us.
Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment
- Vicarious reinforcement/punishment occurs when people observe another person being reinforced or punished.
- This impacts how they might later behave.
Self-Efficacy
- Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to complete a task successfully.
- Observing competent role models can build self-efficacy.
Self-Reinforcement and Self-Punishment
- Some people use self-reinforcement and self-punishment to modify their behaviors.
- The effectiveness of this method is not always predictable.
Reinforcement Schedules
- The schedules of reinforcement are different ways of reinforcing behaviors. There are distinct types of schedules, including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval and variable-interval. Each type of reinforcement schedule impacts how and when behaviors are exhibited.
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Description
This quiz explores the principles of learning, behaviorism, and classical conditioning as outlined in Chapter 6, Modules 6.1-6.3 of Kalat's Introduction to Psychology. It emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors and the implications of learning in our responses to stimuli. Test your understanding of these fundamental psychological concepts!