Learning Theories - Behaviorism
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Questions and Answers

What is the main principle of the Law of Effect?

  • All behaviors are equally reinforced regardless of effects.
  • Satisfying effects increase the likelihood of repeating behavior. (correct)
  • Behaviors are changed based on time intervals.
  • Negative effects strengthen behavior.

    • How does reinforcement differ from punishment according to Thorndike?

  • Reinforcement increases the probability of behavior, while punishment decreases it. (correct)
  • Reinforcement involves the removal of stimuli, while punishment involves adding stimuli.
  • Reinforcement is always negative, while punishment is always positive.
  • Reinforcement applies only to animals, whereas punishment applies to humans.

    • What distinguishes positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?

  • Negative reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus.
  • Positive reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.
  • Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus. (correct)
  • Negative reinforcement disrupts learning processes.

    • Which of the following describes a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement is delivered consistently after a set number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about continuous reinforcement is accurate?

    <p>Behavior decreases rapidly after reinforcement stops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of negative punishment?

    <p>A privilege is taken away for misbehavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does immediate reinforcement have on learning?

    <p>It strengthens the association between behavior and reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do variable-ratio schedules differ from fixed-ratio schedules?

    <p>Variable-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after unpredictable numbers of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a stimulus that produces a response without any prior learning?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response occurs after a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the bell and salivation in Pavlov's experiment after conditioning?

    <p>The bell becomes a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is salivation when a dog is presented directly with meat?

    <p>Unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, how does a conditioned stimulus differ from a neutral stimulus?

    <p>A conditioned stimulus produces a learned response after conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the dogs' salivation upon hearing the bell in Pavlov's experiment?

    <p>Conditioned reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

    <p>The meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning does the association between the bell and food in Pavlov's study exemplify?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of behavior being increased by removing something unpleasant?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

    <p>Behaviors followed by satisfying effects are more likely to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a variable-ratio schedule refer to in operant conditioning?

    <p>Number of responses required for reinforcement changes unpredictably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bandura’s social learning theory, what is primarily emphasized as a method of learning?

    <p>Observing and imitating others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of positive punishment on behavior?

    <p>It decreases the likelihood of behavior recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response does an unconditioned response represent?

    <p>An inborn reaction without any prior learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does reciprocal determination state as influencing learning?

    <p>Behavior, environment, and personal factors interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about negative punishment is true?

    <p>It involves removing something pleasant to decrease behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between continuous reinforcement and a schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Continuous reinforcement occurs immediately after behavior, while schedules dictate timing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the processes involved in observational learning?

    <p>Attention, retention, production, motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's reciprocal determinism model, which factors are interrelated to influence learning?

    <p>Behavior, environment, personal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>A learned response diminishes due to removal of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fixed-interval schedule, how is reinforcement typically administered?

    <p>After a predetermined period of time has passed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli in learning?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when similar stimuli to a conditioned stimulus produce a conditioned response?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the use of punishment have on behavior modification?

    <p>It can lead to rapid changes but may introduce danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The terms 'positive' and 'negative' in reinforcement and punishment indicate what?

    <p>Whether a stimulus is added or taken away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement schedule is being used when the number of compositions required varies between submissions?

    <p>Variable-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unpleasant stimulus presented to reduce a behavior is known as what?

    <p>Positive punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement refers to presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when a pleasant stimulus is removed to reduce behavior?

    <p>Negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cookies and candies are categorized as what type of reinforcement?

    <p>Concrete reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and food are examples of which type of reinforcement?

    <p>Primary reinforces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does generalization in classical conditioning refer to?

    <p>Responding similarly to different but related stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of discrimination in classical conditioning?

    <p>Differentiating between similar stimuli to elicit a different response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is extinction in the context of classical conditioning?

    <p>The diminishing of a conditioned response by removing the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a student demonstrate generalization after performing poorly on a mathematics test?

    <p>By fearing similar subjects like physics and chemistry exams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what does the term 'instrumental conditioning' imply?

    <p>Consequences of behavior increase or decrease the probability of recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why could repeated success in mathematics tests lead to a decrease in fear of these tests?

    <p>Because it is an example of extinction in classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario exemplifies discrimination in a student's behavior?

    <p>Fearing tests in mathematics, while feeling calm during other subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would most likely contribute to the extinction of a conditioned response in a classical conditioning scenario?

    <p>Consistently presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Theories - Behaviorism

    • Learning is the central focus in educational psychology.
    • This chapter further examines behavioral approaches to learning in detail.
    • The chapter covers classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.

    Introduction

    • Learning is the main focus of educational psychology.
    • Behaviorism examines learning from three perspectives, particularly the behavioral perspective.
    • The chapter will elaborate on behavioral approaches to learning in detail.
    • The chapter discusses classical conditioning, operational conditioning, and social learning theory.
    • It examines their application in classroom teaching.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical conditioning is a learning type based on stimulus-response associations.
    • It relates a stimulus that doesn't ordinarily elicit a particular response to another stimulus that does evoke that response.
    • The key element is association; if two stimuli frequently appear together, they become associated.
    • Pavlov's experiments demonstrated classical conditioning.
    • Neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that doesn't initially generate a response of interest.
    • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a stimulus producing an unlearned response.
    • Unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
    • Conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that eventually elicits the response associated with a formerly neutral stimulus.
    • Conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
    • The process starts with a neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food).
    • Repetition leads to the neutral stimulus becoming the conditioned stimulus (bell), and the dog salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) alone.

    Pavlov's Experiments

    • Pavlov's initial experiments were about studying the role of salivation in digestion.
    • He discovered that dogs started salivating when lab attendants entered the room (before presenting meat), not just when being presented with food.
    • This led him to study conditioning.
    • By associating a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food), the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus, triggering a conditioned response.

    Types of Stimuli and Responses

    • A stimulus is an observable environmental event that can influence behavior.
    • A response is a behavioral reaction to a stimulus.
    • Classical conditioning involves two types of stimuli and two types of responses: unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response.

    Common Phenomena in Classical Conditioning

    • Generalization: Similar stimuli to a conditioned stimulus evoke the same conditioned response.
    • Discrimination: The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli, responding differently.
    • Extinction: The diminishing rate of a conditioned response upon repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves consequences influencing behaviors.
    • Behaviors that lead to satisfying results (reinforcement) are more likely to repeat.
    • Behaviors leading to undesirable outcomes (punishment) are less likely to reoccur. Two main concepts are reinforcement and punishment.
    • Reinforcement increases a behavior's probability. - Positive Reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. - Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
    • Punishment decreases a behavior's likelihood. - Positive Punishment: Presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior - Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

    Schedule of Reinforcement

    • Continuous reinforcement: Reinforces a behavior every time it occurs.
      • Behaviors learned rapidly but extinguished rapidly without reinforcement.
    • Schedules of reinforcement: . Fixed-ratio schedule . Variable-ratio schedule . Fixed-interval schedule . Variable-interval schedule

    Dangers of Punishment

    • Punishment is efficient but can be detrimental.
      • Physical punishment is problematic.
      • It can be abusive, aggressive and undesirable.
    • Punishment lacks information about how to behave appropriately.

    Social Learning Theory

    • Social learning theory expands behavioral theory adding the experience of observing and imitating others.
    • It emphasizes observing or watching others (modeling) as a learning method.
    • Four processes are involved in observational learning: attention, retention, production, and motivation.
    • Modeling, observational learning, and vicarious reinforcement are central concepts.
    • Reciprocal determination model: The continuous interaction and influence of behavior, environment, and personal factors on learning.

    Behaviorism in the Classroom

    • Applying classical conditioning: Associate learning with pleasant events. Examples include attractive learning aids, classroom decor, positive teacher interactions.
    • Applying operant conditioning: Reinforce desired behaviours and use punishment strategically but judicially. Examples include recognizing accomplishments, concrete rewards (cookies, stickers), and appropriate punishments.

    Summary

    • Classical conditioning: learning based on stimulus associations.
    • Operant conditioning: consequences shape future behaviors by reinforcement (increasing likelihood) or punishment (decreasing likelihood).
    • Social learning theory: observing and imitating others.
    • All three focus on experience influencing behaviour.

    Key Terms (and Concepts)

    • Classical Conditioning,
    • Conditioned Stimulus,
    • Conditioned Response,
    • Continuous Reinforcement,
    • Discrimination
    • Extinction
    • Fixed-interval schedule,
    • Fixed-ratio schedule,
    • Law of Effect,
    • Negative Punishment
    • Negative Reinforcement,
    • Operant Conditioning
    • Positive Punishment
    • Positive Reinforcement
    • Reciprocal Determination Model
    • Social Learning
    • Unconditioned Response
    • Unconditioned Stimulus -Variable-interval schedule
    • Variable-ratio schedule

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of behaviorism within educational psychology. It covers classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory, emphasizing their applications in classroom settings. Understand how these theories influence learning processes and teaching strategies.

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