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Questions and Answers
What is learning generally defined as?
Relatively permanent changes in behavior, skills, knowledge, or attitudes resulting from identifiable psychological or social experiences.
Which of the following is a key feature of learning?
What do teachers often emphasize about learning?
Behaviorism focuses on changes in thinking.
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What models do behaviorists rely on?
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Who first studied respondent conditioning systematically?
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What did Pavlov observe about dogs in his experiments?
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What occurs during extinction in respondent conditioning?
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What is generalization in respondent conditioning?
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Discrimination in respondent conditioning allows an individual to respond the same to all stimuli.
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Study Notes
What is Learning?
- Learning is defined as a long-lasting change in behavior, skills, knowledge, or attitudes resulting from life experiences.
- Teachers see learning primarily in the context of school and classrooms.
- Teachers see learning as related to curriculum content, academic achievement, sequencing, student preparedness, and the ability to transfer learning to new situations.
Learning Theories
- Educational psychology divides learning theories into those focused on changes in behaviour and changes in thinking.
- Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior changes.
- There are two major models of behavioral learning: respondent and operant conditioning.
Respondent or Classical Conditioning
- Deals with involuntary responses to particular stimuli (sights, sounds, sensations).
- Was first studied by Russian scientist, Ivan Pavlov.
- Pavlov used dogs to study salivation responses.
- Initially, dogs salivated when presented with food.
- Dogs learned to associate Pavlov's presence with food.
- Dogs began salivating when they saw Pavlov.
Elements of Respondent Conditioning
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Extinction is the process where a conditioned response fades when the conditioned stimulus occurs without the unconditioned stimulus over time, as shown by Pavlov's dogs ceasing to salivate without food.
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Extinction – the disappearance of the link between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
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Generalization is the phenomenon where a conditioned response to a specific stimulus also occurs in response to similar stimuli. For example, a dog trained to associate a bell with food may salivate at different bells or tones, illustrating the adaptive nature of behavior to environmental cues.
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Discrimination involves unfair treatment of individuals or groups due to characteristics like race, gender, age, religion, or disability. It creates systemic inequality, social exclusion, and restricted opportunities, highlighting the need to understand its roots for promoting social justice and equality.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of learning theories, including behaviorism and classical conditioning. Understand how these theories apply in educational settings and influence teaching strategies. Delve into the contributions of key figures, such as Ivan Pavlov, to the study of learning.
