Podcast
Questions and Answers
Atkinson and Shiffrin devised the multi-store model of ______.
Atkinson and Shiffrin devised the multi-store model of ______.
memory
The sensory register contains immediate data from the ______.
The sensory register contains immediate data from the ______.
senses
Visual information goes to the ______ store.
Visual information goes to the ______ store.
iconic
Auditory information is processed in the ______ store.
Auditory information is processed in the ______ store.
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Short-term memory retains information for a ______ duration than the sensory register.
Short-term memory retains information for a ______ duration than the sensory register.
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Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ items.
Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ items.
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Information is coded into a format more digestible for ______ memory.
Information is coded into a format more digestible for ______ memory.
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If attention is paid, information from the sensory register moves to ______ memory.
If attention is paid, information from the sensory register moves to ______ memory.
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The central executive may direct information required for driving to the ______.
The central executive may direct information required for driving to the ______.
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The ______ loop is responsible for rehearsing words to keep them within short-term memory.
The ______ loop is responsible for rehearsing words to keep them within short-term memory.
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Research suggests the capacity of the phonological loop is limited to how long ______ are.
Research suggests the capacity of the phonological loop is limited to how long ______ are.
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The ______ buffer is a temporary store for information coded in all forms.
The ______ buffer is a temporary store for information coded in all forms.
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Episodic long-term memory covers the story of our ______.
Episodic long-term memory covers the story of our ______.
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Semantic long-term memory includes facts and general ______.
Semantic long-term memory includes facts and general ______.
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The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often referred to as the mind's ______.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often referred to as the mind's ______.
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A short-term store that briefly retains words is called the phonological ______.
A short-term store that briefly retains words is called the phonological ______.
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Procedural long-term memory involves skills and ______ like riding a bike.
Procedural long-term memory involves skills and ______ like riding a bike.
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The original WMM did not include the episodic ______.
The original WMM did not include the episodic ______.
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Explicit LTM is conscious and easy to put into ______.
Explicit LTM is conscious and easy to put into ______.
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Implicit long-term memory includes ______ and learned skills.
Implicit long-term memory includes ______ and learned skills.
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Strong emotions can cause episodic memories to be coded more ______.
Strong emotions can cause episodic memories to be coded more ______.
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Different people may have different capacities for certain ______ tasks.
Different people may have different capacities for certain ______ tasks.
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Brain scans show that spatial tasks result in increased activity in the right ______ hemisphere.
Brain scans show that spatial tasks result in increased activity in the right ______ hemisphere.
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Procedural memory is considered ______ because it does not require conscious thought.
Procedural memory is considered ______ because it does not require conscious thought.
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Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget episodic details but retain perfect ______ knowledge.
Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget episodic details but retain perfect ______ knowledge.
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Forgetting can occur due to ______, where older information disrupts the recall of newer information.
Forgetting can occur due to ______, where older information disrupts the recall of newer information.
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Proactive interference is when older information interferes with the ability to remember something ______.
Proactive interference is when older information interferes with the ability to remember something ______.
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Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information disrupts the recall of older information.
Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information disrupts the recall of older information.
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Context-dependent failure refers to the absence of retrieval ______ in a different environment.
Context-dependent failure refers to the absence of retrieval ______ in a different environment.
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State-dependent failure occurs when the internal state during recall is different from when the memory was ______.
State-dependent failure occurs when the internal state during recall is different from when the memory was ______.
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Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, often affected by ______ information presented after an event.
Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, often affected by ______ information presented after an event.
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Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how leading questions could influence a participant's speed ______ of an event.
Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how leading questions could influence a participant's speed ______ of an event.
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In Loftus' 1975 study, leading questions were shown to add ______ information to a memory.
In Loftus' 1975 study, leading questions were shown to add ______ information to a memory.
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Forgetting may also occur due to an absence of cues, particularly when the context is ______ from when the memory was formed.
Forgetting may also occur due to an absence of cues, particularly when the context is ______ from when the memory was formed.
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The overlap between episodic and semantic memory suggests that semantic memory may originate within ______ memory.
The overlap between episodic and semantic memory suggests that semantic memory may originate within ______ memory.
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Interference only explains forgetting when two types of information are ______.
Interference only explains forgetting when two types of information are ______.
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Context-dependent failure can impact recalling a memory if the ______ does not provide adequate cues.
Context-dependent failure can impact recalling a memory if the ______ does not provide adequate cues.
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Participants could remember an average of 7 letters before reaching ______.
Participants could remember an average of 7 letters before reaching ______.
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The alphanumeric sequence 193913CIAAQA can be chunked into 4 ______.
The alphanumeric sequence 193913CIAAQA can be chunked into 4 ______.
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The duration of short-term memory is about ______ seconds.
The duration of short-term memory is about ______ seconds.
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Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
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Long-term memory can last from more than 30 seconds to an entire ______.
Long-term memory can last from more than 30 seconds to an entire ______.
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The existence of separate stores is supported by cases of ______.
The existence of separate stores is supported by cases of ______.
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The working memory model was developed by ______ and Hitch.
The working memory model was developed by ______ and Hitch.
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The ______ executive filters and coordinates the various components of working memory.
The ______ executive filters and coordinates the various components of working memory.
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The phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer are known as ______ systems.
The phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer are known as ______ systems.
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Information in long-term memory can be coded in various ways, including ______ and visually.
Information in long-term memory can be coded in various ways, including ______ and visually.
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Memories are often forgotten due to ______ or interference.
Memories are often forgotten due to ______ or interference.
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The working memory model divides short-term memory into ______ separate components.
The working memory model divides short-term memory into ______ separate components.
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The duration of long-term memory depends on how it is ______.
The duration of long-term memory depends on how it is ______.
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Example tasks have shown that the central executive has a fairly ______ capacity.
Example tasks have shown that the central executive has a fairly ______ capacity.
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Both short-term and long-term memory are more ______ than the multi-store model suggests.
Both short-term and long-term memory are more ______ than the multi-store model suggests.
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In an experiment, 17% of participants falsely remembered seeing a ______ after watching a car journey video.
In an experiment, 17% of participants falsely remembered seeing a ______ after watching a car journey video.
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The ‘inverted-U’ hypothesis suggests that moderate levels of ______ produce the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
The ‘inverted-U’ hypothesis suggests that moderate levels of ______ produce the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
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Christianson and Hubinette (1993) found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony in bank robbery witnesses.
Christianson and Hubinette (1993) found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony in bank robbery witnesses.
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Loftus et al (1987) found that witnesses to incidents involving a ______ often focus on the weapon rather than other details.
Loftus et al (1987) found that witnesses to incidents involving a ______ often focus on the weapon rather than other details.
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The ______ interview is a method designed to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
The ______ interview is a method designed to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
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Context ______ involves recreating a mental picture of the event to trigger memories.
Context ______ involves recreating a mental picture of the event to trigger memories.
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Recalling an event from a different ______ may increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Recalling an event from a different ______ may increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
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Geiselman et al (1985) found that the cognitive interview improved ______ and details of recollection.
Geiselman et al (1985) found that the cognitive interview improved ______ and details of recollection.
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Milne and Bull (2002) identified context reinstatement and reporting everything as the most ______ factors in eyewitness testimony.
Milne and Bull (2002) identified context reinstatement and reporting everything as the most ______ factors in eyewitness testimony.
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The enhanced cognitive interview proposes features such as asking open-ended questions and making the witness feel ______.
The enhanced cognitive interview proposes features such as asking open-ended questions and making the witness feel ______.
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Study Notes
Multi-Store Model (MSM)
- Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- A cognitive approach to memory
- Information flows through three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Sensory Register
- Receives raw sensory data (visual, auditory, etc.)
- Iconic store (visual) and echoic store (auditory)
- Large capacity, but short duration (visual: ~500ms, auditory: ~2 seconds)
- Information passed to STM if attended to
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Receives information from the sensory register
- Coded visually, acoustically, or semantically
- Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (increased by chunking)
- Duration: ~30 seconds, but rehearsal extends it
- Transfer to LTM through extended rehearsal
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Stores information for a long time (potentially lifetime)
- Large capacity; storage limits not established
- Coded visually, acoustically, semantically, etc.
- Memories can be forgotten due to decay or interference, not lack of space
- Retrieval involves transferring LTM to STM
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- Developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
- Builds on MSM's STM
- Divides STM into four components:
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
Central Executive
- Controls and coordinates other components
- Limited capacity
- Directs information to appropriate slave systems
- Switches attention to different tasks
Phonological Loop
- Deals with auditory information (especially words)
- Phonological store: holds words
- Articulatory control process: rehearses words
- Capacity limited by word length, not number of words
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
- Stores visual and spatial information
- Codes information as mental images
- Two components: visual cache (visual) and inner scribe (spatial)
Episodic Buffer
- Temporary storage for information of all types
- Integrates information from other components
- Creates a sense of how events occurred
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Explicit (conscious): episodic (events) and semantic (facts)
- Implicit (unconscious): procedural (skills)
Explanations of Forgetting
- Interference:
- Proactive: old information interferes with new.
- Retroactive: new information interferes with old.
- Retrieval failure: absence of cues; context-dependent and state-dependent forgetting
Eyewitness Testimony
- Factors affecting accuracy: misleading information (leading questions), anxiety
- "Inverted-U" hypothesis: moderate anxiety leads to more accurate testimony; high/low anxiety hinders it
- Cognitive interview: method to improve accuracy (context reinstatement, recalling different perspectives, reporting everything)
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Description
Explore the Multi-Store Model (MSM) proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, which outlines the processes of memory through sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This quiz covers key concepts such as capacity, duration, and encoding methods in each memory store.
