Podcast
Questions and Answers
Atkinson and Shiffrin devised the multi-store model of ______.
Atkinson and Shiffrin devised the multi-store model of ______.
memory
The sensory register contains immediate data from the ______.
The sensory register contains immediate data from the ______.
senses
Visual information goes to the ______ store.
Visual information goes to the ______ store.
iconic
Auditory information is processed in the ______ store.
Auditory information is processed in the ______ store.
Short-term memory retains information for a ______ duration than the sensory register.
Short-term memory retains information for a ______ duration than the sensory register.
Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ items.
Research suggests that short-term memory has a capacity for between ______ items.
Information is coded into a format more digestible for ______ memory.
Information is coded into a format more digestible for ______ memory.
If attention is paid, information from the sensory register moves to ______ memory.
If attention is paid, information from the sensory register moves to ______ memory.
The central executive may direct information required for driving to the ______.
The central executive may direct information required for driving to the ______.
The ______ loop is responsible for rehearsing words to keep them within short-term memory.
The ______ loop is responsible for rehearsing words to keep them within short-term memory.
Research suggests the capacity of the phonological loop is limited to how long ______ are.
Research suggests the capacity of the phonological loop is limited to how long ______ are.
The ______ buffer is a temporary store for information coded in all forms.
The ______ buffer is a temporary store for information coded in all forms.
Episodic long-term memory covers the story of our ______.
Episodic long-term memory covers the story of our ______.
Semantic long-term memory includes facts and general ______.
Semantic long-term memory includes facts and general ______.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often referred to as the mind's ______.
The visuo-spatial sketchpad is often referred to as the mind's ______.
A short-term store that briefly retains words is called the phonological ______.
A short-term store that briefly retains words is called the phonological ______.
Procedural long-term memory involves skills and ______ like riding a bike.
Procedural long-term memory involves skills and ______ like riding a bike.
The original WMM did not include the episodic ______.
The original WMM did not include the episodic ______.
Explicit LTM is conscious and easy to put into ______.
Explicit LTM is conscious and easy to put into ______.
Implicit long-term memory includes ______ and learned skills.
Implicit long-term memory includes ______ and learned skills.
Strong emotions can cause episodic memories to be coded more ______.
Strong emotions can cause episodic memories to be coded more ______.
Different people may have different capacities for certain ______ tasks.
Different people may have different capacities for certain ______ tasks.
Brain scans show that spatial tasks result in increased activity in the right ______ hemisphere.
Brain scans show that spatial tasks result in increased activity in the right ______ hemisphere.
Procedural memory is considered ______ because it does not require conscious thought.
Procedural memory is considered ______ because it does not require conscious thought.
Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget episodic details but retain perfect ______ knowledge.
Patients with retrograde amnesia may forget episodic details but retain perfect ______ knowledge.
Forgetting can occur due to ______, where older information disrupts the recall of newer information.
Forgetting can occur due to ______, where older information disrupts the recall of newer information.
Proactive interference is when older information interferes with the ability to remember something ______.
Proactive interference is when older information interferes with the ability to remember something ______.
Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information disrupts the recall of older information.
Retroactive interference occurs when ______ information disrupts the recall of older information.
Context-dependent failure refers to the absence of retrieval ______ in a different environment.
Context-dependent failure refers to the absence of retrieval ______ in a different environment.
State-dependent failure occurs when the internal state during recall is different from when the memory was ______.
State-dependent failure occurs when the internal state during recall is different from when the memory was ______.
Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, often affected by ______ information presented after an event.
Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, often affected by ______ information presented after an event.
Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how leading questions could influence a participant's speed ______ of an event.
Loftus and Palmer's study demonstrated how leading questions could influence a participant's speed ______ of an event.
In Loftus' 1975 study, leading questions were shown to add ______ information to a memory.
In Loftus' 1975 study, leading questions were shown to add ______ information to a memory.
Forgetting may also occur due to an absence of cues, particularly when the context is ______ from when the memory was formed.
Forgetting may also occur due to an absence of cues, particularly when the context is ______ from when the memory was formed.
The overlap between episodic and semantic memory suggests that semantic memory may originate within ______ memory.
The overlap between episodic and semantic memory suggests that semantic memory may originate within ______ memory.
Interference only explains forgetting when two types of information are ______.
Interference only explains forgetting when two types of information are ______.
Context-dependent failure can impact recalling a memory if the ______ does not provide adequate cues.
Context-dependent failure can impact recalling a memory if the ______ does not provide adequate cues.
Participants could remember an average of 7 letters before reaching ______.
Participants could remember an average of 7 letters before reaching ______.
The alphanumeric sequence 193913CIAAQA can be chunked into 4 ______.
The alphanumeric sequence 193913CIAAQA can be chunked into 4 ______.
The duration of short-term memory is about ______ seconds.
The duration of short-term memory is about ______ seconds.
Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
Extended rehearsal can transfer information from short-term memory to ______.
Long-term memory can last from more than 30 seconds to an entire ______.
Long-term memory can last from more than 30 seconds to an entire ______.
The existence of separate stores is supported by cases of ______.
The existence of separate stores is supported by cases of ______.
The working memory model was developed by ______ and Hitch.
The working memory model was developed by ______ and Hitch.
The ______ executive filters and coordinates the various components of working memory.
The ______ executive filters and coordinates the various components of working memory.
The phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer are known as ______ systems.
The phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer are known as ______ systems.
Information in long-term memory can be coded in various ways, including ______ and visually.
Information in long-term memory can be coded in various ways, including ______ and visually.
Memories are often forgotten due to ______ or interference.
Memories are often forgotten due to ______ or interference.
The working memory model divides short-term memory into ______ separate components.
The working memory model divides short-term memory into ______ separate components.
The duration of long-term memory depends on how it is ______.
The duration of long-term memory depends on how it is ______.
Example tasks have shown that the central executive has a fairly ______ capacity.
Example tasks have shown that the central executive has a fairly ______ capacity.
Both short-term and long-term memory are more ______ than the multi-store model suggests.
Both short-term and long-term memory are more ______ than the multi-store model suggests.
In an experiment, 17% of participants falsely remembered seeing a ______ after watching a car journey video.
In an experiment, 17% of participants falsely remembered seeing a ______ after watching a car journey video.
The ‘inverted-U’ hypothesis suggests that moderate levels of ______ produce the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
The ‘inverted-U’ hypothesis suggests that moderate levels of ______ produce the most accurate eyewitness testimony.
Christianson and Hubinette (1993) found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony in bank robbery witnesses.
Christianson and Hubinette (1993) found no relationship between ______ and accuracy of testimony in bank robbery witnesses.
Loftus et al (1987) found that witnesses to incidents involving a ______ often focus on the weapon rather than other details.
Loftus et al (1987) found that witnesses to incidents involving a ______ often focus on the weapon rather than other details.
The ______ interview is a method designed to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
The ______ interview is a method designed to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Context ______ involves recreating a mental picture of the event to trigger memories.
Context ______ involves recreating a mental picture of the event to trigger memories.
Recalling an event from a different ______ may increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Recalling an event from a different ______ may increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Geiselman et al (1985) found that the cognitive interview improved ______ and details of recollection.
Geiselman et al (1985) found that the cognitive interview improved ______ and details of recollection.
Milne and Bull (2002) identified context reinstatement and reporting everything as the most ______ factors in eyewitness testimony.
Milne and Bull (2002) identified context reinstatement and reporting everything as the most ______ factors in eyewitness testimony.
The enhanced cognitive interview proposes features such as asking open-ended questions and making the witness feel ______.
The enhanced cognitive interview proposes features such as asking open-ended questions and making the witness feel ______.
Flashcards
What is the multi-store model of memory?
What is the multi-store model of memory?
The multi-store model (MSM) is a cognitive approach that explains how information is processed and stored in our memory. It proposes a series of three interconnected memory systems: the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What is the sensory register?
What is the sensory register?
The sensory register is the first stage of the MSM. It acts like a temporary holding area for all the sensory information we receive from our environment, such as sights, sounds, and smells. It has an extremely large capacity but a very short duration.
How does the sensory register process information?
How does the sensory register process information?
The sensory register processes information based on the type of sense it receives from the environment. This includes visual information such as sights, sounds, smells, and tastes.
What is the iconic store?
What is the iconic store?
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What is the echoic store?
What is the echoic store?
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What is short-term memory?
What is short-term memory?
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How is information coded in STM?
How is information coded in STM?
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How much information can STM hold?
How much information can STM hold?
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Short-term Memory Capacity
Short-term Memory Capacity
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Chunking
Chunking
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Short-term Memory Duration
Short-term Memory Duration
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Rehearsal
Rehearsal
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Working Memory
Working Memory
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Central Executive
Central Executive
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Phonological Loop
Phonological Loop
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Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
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Episodic Buffer
Episodic Buffer
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Long-term Memory
Long-term Memory
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Retrieval
Retrieval
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Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
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Retrograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
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Multi-Store Model
Multi-Store Model
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Working Memory Model
Working Memory Model
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Phonological store
Phonological store
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Articulatory loop
Articulatory loop
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Explicit long-term memory
Explicit long-term memory
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Implicit long-term memory
Implicit long-term memory
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Episodic memory
Episodic memory
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Semantic memory
Semantic memory
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Procedural memory
Procedural memory
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Multi-store model of long-term memory
Multi-store model of long-term memory
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Forgetting
Forgetting
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Interference
Interference
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Proactive Interference
Proactive Interference
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Retroactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
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Absence of Cues
Absence of Cues
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Context-Dependent Failure
Context-Dependent Failure
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State-Dependent Failure
State-Dependent Failure
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Explicit Memories
Explicit Memories
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Implicit Memories
Implicit Memories
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Eyewitness Testimony
Eyewitness Testimony
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Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Errors
Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Errors
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Loftus and Palmer's (1974) Study
Loftus and Palmer's (1974) Study
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Anxiety and Eyewitness Testimony
Anxiety and Eyewitness Testimony
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Inverted-U Hypothesis
Inverted-U Hypothesis
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Weapons Focus Effect
Weapons Focus Effect
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Cognitive Interview
Cognitive Interview
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Context Reinstatement
Context Reinstatement
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Recall from Different Perspectives
Recall from Different Perspectives
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Recall in Different Chronological Order
Recall in Different Chronological Order
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Report Everything
Report Everything
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Study Notes
Multi-Store Model (MSM)
- Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- A cognitive approach to memory
- Information flows through three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Sensory Register
- Receives raw sensory data (visual, auditory, etc.)
- Iconic store (visual) and echoic store (auditory)
- Large capacity, but short duration (visual: ~500ms, auditory: ~2 seconds)
- Information passed to STM if attended to
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Receives information from the sensory register
- Coded visually, acoustically, or semantically
- Capacity: 7 ± 2 items (increased by chunking)
- Duration: ~30 seconds, but rehearsal extends it
- Transfer to LTM through extended rehearsal
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Stores information for a long time (potentially lifetime)
- Large capacity; storage limits not established
- Coded visually, acoustically, semantically, etc.
- Memories can be forgotten due to decay or interference, not lack of space
- Retrieval involves transferring LTM to STM
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- Developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
- Builds on MSM's STM
- Divides STM into four components:
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
Central Executive
- Controls and coordinates other components
- Limited capacity
- Directs information to appropriate slave systems
- Switches attention to different tasks
Phonological Loop
- Deals with auditory information (especially words)
- Phonological store: holds words
- Articulatory control process: rehearses words
- Capacity limited by word length, not number of words
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
- Stores visual and spatial information
- Codes information as mental images
- Two components: visual cache (visual) and inner scribe (spatial)
Episodic Buffer
- Temporary storage for information of all types
- Integrates information from other components
- Creates a sense of how events occurred
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Explicit (conscious): episodic (events) and semantic (facts)
- Implicit (unconscious): procedural (skills)
Explanations of Forgetting
- Interference:
- Proactive: old information interferes with new.
- Retroactive: new information interferes with old.
- Retrieval failure: absence of cues; context-dependent and state-dependent forgetting
Eyewitness Testimony
- Factors affecting accuracy: misleading information (leading questions), anxiety
- "Inverted-U" hypothesis: moderate anxiety leads to more accurate testimony; high/low anxiety hinders it
- Cognitive interview: method to improve accuracy (context reinstatement, recalling different perspectives, reporting everything)
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Description
Explore the Multi-Store Model (MSM) proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, which outlines the processes of memory through sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. This quiz covers key concepts such as capacity, duration, and encoding methods in each memory store.
