Psychology Working Memory Model

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the amygdala in memory formation?

Facilitating semantic memory storage

Encoding procedural memories

Regulating sleep patterns

Holding emotional memories (correct)

Which type of forgetting occurs when similar information interferes with the retrieval of memories?

Retrieval failure

Interference (correct)

Motivated forgetting

Decay theory

What psychological mechanism did Freud associate with motivated forgetting?

Rationalization

Repression (correct)

Projection

Sublimation

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of retrieval failure?

Cindy cannot recall her friend's name during a party Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is typically held by the amygdala?

Emotional memories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of forgetting mentioned in the content?

Selective memory Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memories does the amygdala primarily hold?

Emotional and painful memories Signup and view all the answers

What can result from proactive and retroactive interference?

Inability to retrieve certain information Signup and view all the answers

What does the central executive in working memory primarily do?

Governs attention and control of information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of chunking in working memory?

Grouping phone numbers into sections like area code and local number Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory is specifically responsible for processing language?

Phonological loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the articulatory process in the working memory model?

To rehearse words through repetition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between working memory and short-term memory?

Working memory involves multiple components, while short-term memory is a single store. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory is primarily associated with personal and emotional memories?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

Which model of memory includes the concepts of central executive and phonological loop?

Working memory model Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the phonological store within the phonological loop?

To store words that are heard Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of self-actualization according to Maslow's updated Hierarchy of Needs?

The desire to reach one's full potential Signup and view all the answers

Which need is described as experiencing beauty and appreciating aesthetics?

Aesthetic needs Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's revised Hierarchy, what role does self-transcendence play?

It involves going beyond oneself for personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

How does the cognitive need contribute to Maslow's hierarchy?

It emphasizes gaining knowledge and understanding through experience. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is commonly held about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

It is always represented in a pyramid form. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aesthetic needs is true?

They are essential to personal fulfillment and creativity. Signup and view all the answers

What might motivate someone like John, a high-achieving professional, to seek a career change according to Maslow's theory?

The need for self-fulfillment and meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered a component of cognitive needs?

Appreciating beauty Signup and view all the answers

What does subjective wellbeing primarily involve?

Ongoing emotional feelings about life evaluations Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a positive affective balance in subjective wellbeing?

Frequent experiences of joy and contentment Signup and view all the answers

How is 'hedonic balance' characterized in Diener’s model of subjective wellbeing?

The presence of both positive and negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is life satisfaction in the context of subjective wellbeing?

Cognitive assessment of overall life quality Signup and view all the answers

According to Diener's model, how can infrequent negative affect impact subjective wellbeing?

It reduces the perception of emotional intensity Signup and view all the answers

What role do cultural factors play in subjective wellbeing according to Diener?

They shape individual evaluations of experiences Signup and view all the answers

What could indicate a significant drop in Maria’s subjective wellbeing?

A rise in encounters with negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the Model of Subjective Wellbeing?

Social comparison Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of positive reinforcement?

It involves introducing a pleasant stimulus following a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule is exemplified by a factory worker being paid $10 for every 10 products assembled?

Fixed ratio Signup and view all the answers

What role do punishers play in operant conditioning?

They follow a behavior with an unpleasant consequence. Signup and view all the answers

How does a variable reinforcement schedule typically affect behavior?

It encourages persistent behavior despite the unpredictability of reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would positive punishment likely be applied?

A teacher gives a student extra homework for talking in class. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fixed and variable schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed schedules offer a constant ratio of responses to rewards, while variable schedules do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

A fisherman waiting for a catch can pull in a fish at any time. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'consequence' in operant conditioning?

It refers to the outcome or result that follows a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Working Memory Model

Working memory is a part of short-term memory, responsible for immediate conscious processing
Contains three components:
- Central Executive: Manages information flow between the other two components
- Phonological Loop: Processes auditory information (language)
  - Phonological Store: Holds sounds, words, and language
  - Articulatory Process: Rehearses sounds to maintain them in the store
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Processes visual and spatial information
Working memory differs from short-term memory in its active processing and manipulation of information

Features of Memory

Chunking: Grouping items together into meaningful units to improve memory capacity
Amygdala: Involved in the formation of emotional memories, particularly negative ones - Serves as a survival mechanism
Forgetting: Inability to retrieve memories
- Retrieval Failure: Failure to access stored memories
- Interference: Other memories interfere with retrieval
  - Proactive Interference: Older memories interfere with new memory recall
  - Retroactive Interference: New memories interfere with old memory recall
- Motivated Forgetting: Intentionally suppressing memories, often due to traumatic experiences
- Decay Theory: Memories fade over time due to lack of use

Operant Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement: Patterns of reinforcement that influence behavior
- Fixed: Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses or time intervals
- Variable: Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses or time intervals
  - Example: Variable ratio, like slot machines, where the reward is unpredictable
Positive reinforcement: Behavior is followed by a pleasant reward, increasing the likelihood of the behavior
- Example: Child receives a lolly for picking up their toys
Punishment: Behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence, decreasing the likelihood of the behavior
- Positive Punishment: A negative consequence is added for the undesired behavior
  - Example: Child is spanked for misbehaving
- Negative Punishment: Something positive is removed following the undesired behavior
  - Example: Child loses TV privileges for not cleaning their room

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Transcendence: Reaching beyond individual needs to connect with a greater purpose or something beyond oneself
Self-actualization: Achieving full potential, including creative activities
- Occurs when all other needs are met
Cognitive Needs: The need to understand and explore, driven by curiosity and intellectual stimulation
Aesthetic Needs: The appreciation of beauty, order, and symmetry in the world
The Pyramid: Not a part of Maslow's original theory but a common misconception
The updated hierarchy recognizes that the hierarchy is not linear and some needs can be pursued simultaneously

Subjective Well-Being

Diener's Model of Subjective Well-Being: Focuses on how individuals evaluate their own well-being
- Life Satisfaction: A person's overall evaluation of their life
- Affective Balance: The ratio of positive to negative emotions
  - Frequent Positive Affect: Experiencing positive emotions often
  - Infrequent Negative Affect: Experiencing negative emotions rarely
Hedonic Balance: The balance between positive and negative emotions - Positive Evaluations: Experiences that create pleasant feelings - Negative Evaluations: Experiences that create unpleasant feelings
Cultural Influences: Culture can influence the importance of specific needs, life satisfaction, and emotional responses. It also affects how well-being is measured and defined

Note: The provided text did not clearly discuss the role of reinforcers and punishers in learning, so those points are not included in the summary.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the Working Memory Model, including its three key components: the Central Executive, the Phonological Loop, and the Visuospatial Sketchpad. This quiz also covers features of memory such as chunking and the role of the amygdala in emotional memories. Test your understanding of how working memory operates differently from short-term memory.