Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What is stimulus generalization?
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
What is stimulus discrimination?
The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response.
What is learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What manipulates the strength of conditioned responses?
Signup and view all the answers
What do humans and other animals seek information to make?
Signup and view all the answers
Give examples of classical conditioning.
Signup and view all the answers
What roles does classical conditioning play?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Rescorla's cognitive model of classical conditioning emphasize?
Signup and view all the answers
What is radical behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is shaping?
Signup and view all the answers
What is escape learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is avoidance learning?
Signup and view all the answers
Punishment introduces or removes an aversive stimulus to ___ behavior, negative reinforcement is to ___ behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
What is operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
Who developed the law of effect and what is it?
Signup and view all the answers
Who developed the principles of operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reinforcement strengthens behavior when reinforcement is presented after the response occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reinforcement strengthens behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed after the response occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
What are schedules of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is continuous reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is partial reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable-interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What reinforcement produces the most rapid learning but also the most rapid extinction of a response when reinforcement is withheld?
Signup and view all the answers
Principles of operant conditioning are used in ___ training, behavior modification, and programmed instruction.
Signup and view all the answers
What is insight learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is latent learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is observational learning?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Involves learning by association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
- Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus, which has survival value.
- Stimulus discrimination is the ability to differentiate between stimuli so that only the original conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
Learning Concepts
- Learning results in a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
- Conditioned responses can be strengthened through manipulation of frequency, timing, and intensity of the unconditioned stimulus (US).
- Humans and animals seek information to make predictions about important environmental events.
Examples and Applications of Classical Conditioning
- Fear responses and taste aversions are common examples of classical conditioning.
- This type of conditioning is involved in various psychological phenomena such as positive emotions, drug cravings, and immune responses.
Cognitive Models and Philosophies
- Rescorla's cognitive model highlights the informational value of conditioned stimuli as cues.
- Radical behaviorism posits that free will is a myth, with behavior determined entirely by environmental and genetic factors.
Operant Conditioning
- Involves learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences, either strengthening or weakening the likelihood of occurrence.
- Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect, which states that responses with satisfying effects are strengthened, while unsatisfying responses are weakened.
- B.F. Skinner established the principles of operant conditioning.
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by presenting a reinforcing stimulus post-response.
- Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus after the response.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous reinforcement provides reinforcement after every correct response, resulting in rapid learning and quick extinction when withheld.
- Partial reinforcement is given intermittently, under either an interval or ratio schedule.
- Fixed-ratio schedule reinforces after a specified number of correct responses.
- Variable-ratio schedule varies the number of responses needed for reinforcement around an average.
- Fixed-interval schedule reinforces a correct response only after a specified period.
- Variable-interval schedule varies the time elapsed before reinforcement around an average interval.
Advanced Learning Concepts
- Insight learning is a mental process that restructures a problem, leading to sudden realization of a solution.
- Latent learning occurs without apparent reinforcement and is revealed when reinforcement is provided.
- Observational learning involves acquiring behaviors through observing others, underscoring social influences in learning.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on classical conditioning and related concepts with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 5. This quiz covers essential definitions including stimulus generalization and discrimination, strengthening your understanding of learning theories.