Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What is another term for classical conditioning?
What is a stimulus?
Any sight, sound, smell, taste, or body sensation that a human or animal can perceive.
What does the unconditioned response (UCR) refer to?
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What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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What is the conditioned response (CR)?
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What must occur for classical conditioning to be effective regarding timing?
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Presenting the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) before the conditioned stimulus (CS) typically leads to successful conditioning.
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What is an example of an exception in classical conditioning where close temporal pairing is not needed?
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What are the two ways to present the conditioned stimulus first?
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What is delayed conditioning?
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What is trace conditioning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Overview
- Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a previously neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR).
- A learning process where one stimulus signals the arrival of another, establishing a connection between the two.
Key Terminology
- Stimulus: Any perceptible entity (sight, sound, smell, etc.) that can evoke a response.
- Pavlovian Conditioning: Another term for classical conditioning, named after the researcher Ivan Pavlov who systematically studied this learning form.
- Reflex: An automatic response (UR) to a stimulus (UCS).
- Four Elements of Classical Conditioning: Include UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
- Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus that initially does not produce the target response.
Definitions of Responses
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The natural response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): The stimulus that naturally triggers the unconditioned response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that begins to elicit a response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to the conditioned stimulus, typically similar to the unconditioned response.
Pavlov's Research
- Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated how a neutral stimulus (tone) paired with UCS (food) could condition a response (salivation).
- Conditioning occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented before the UCS, establishing a predictive relationship.
Timing in Conditioning
- "Just Before" Presentation: The CS should come shortly before the UCS, ideally within half a second to one second, for effective conditioning.
- Backward and Simultaneous Conditioning: Presenting UCS before CS or at the same time usually results in poor conditioning, as the CS does not predict the UCS effectively.
Special Cases
- Taste Aversion: An example of classical conditioning achieved without close temporal pairing and often after just a few trials.
Presentation Methods
- Delayed Conditioning: The CS is presented before and remains until after the UCS, leading to simultaneous occurrence.
- Trace Conditioning: The CS precedes the UCS but is removed prior to UCS presentation, creating a gap where neither stimulus is present.
Memory Trace Requirement
- For associations between stimuli to be learned, an organism must maintain a "memory trace" of the CS to link it with the later-occurring UCS for effective conditioning.
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Description
Explore the concept of classical conditioning through these informative flashcards. Understand how stimuli influence learning processes and the development of new responses related to behavioral psychology.
