Psychology Chapter 3: Perspectives on Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of the psychodynamic perspective?

  • To understand behaviors solely through environmental influences
  • To emphasize the importance of free will in human decisions
  • To analyze behaviors based on predetermined genetic factors
  • To uncover hidden unconscious motives and conflicts (correct)

    • How does the behavioral perspective explain human behavior?

  • Through an understanding of genetic predispositions
  • By examining the influence of environmental conditions (correct)
  • Through a focus on unconscious emotional conflicts
  • By emphasizing subjective personal experiences

    • Which method is NOT typically used in psychodynamic approaches?

  • Dream analysis
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (correct)
  • Free association
  • Clinical case studies

    • What do psychodynamists believe about childhood experiences?

    <p>They shape adult personality significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the humanistic perspective?

    <p>It highlights the uniqueness and subjective experiences of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the behavioral perspective, what does the 'black box' refer to?

    <p>The internal thought processes not observable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the psychodynamic view of human behavior?

    <p>Unconscious motivations underlying observable actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'intrapersonal conflict' refer to in the psychodynamic perspective?

    <p>Internal struggles of the individual between desires and duties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the id in Freud's model of personality?

    <p>To seek immediate gratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the ego begin to emerge according to Freud?

    <p>During infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the function of the superego?

    <p>To internalize societal norms and morals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological defense mechanism involves expressing feelings toward a less threatening person?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an individual's psychological state when the id, ego, and superego are unbalanced?

    <p>They may encounter psychological problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable feelings to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do psychologists who adopt the trait theory perspective believe about personality?

    <p>It is a stable combination of internal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism described by Freud?

    <p>Escapism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drive-reduction theory and incentive theory interact in motivating behavior?

    <p>They work in a cycle, with drives pushing and incentives pulling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Engagement in activities for enjoyment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the lowest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maslow's hierarchy, which need requires the achievement of a good reputation or respect from others?

    <p>Esteem needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation is for enjoyment, while extrinsic is based on tangible rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive approaches to motivation emphasize?

    <p>The impact of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations on motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following needs must be satisfied before individuals can seek higher-level needs according to Maslow?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of retrieval in the memory process?

    <p>To bring stored information into awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of needs does Maslow categorize as pertaining to social relationships?

    <p>Love and belongingness needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by holding information for a very short duration and includes visual and auditory information?

    <p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of short-term memory?

    <p>It requires conscious processing of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the memory model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, which memory stage serves as the entry point for information?

    <p>Sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does encoding in memory involve?

    <p>Transforming sensory input into a memory code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cognitive psychologists compare the mind's memory processes?

    <p>To a digital computer processing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sensory memory primarily function when information is first received?

    <p>It holds an accurate representation of unprocessed environmental information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for most information after it is processed in sensory memory?

    <p>It decays and is lost if not consciously attended to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does trephination involve?

    <p>Digging out sections of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for connecting bodily fluids to psychological health?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological factor is linked to schizophrenia symptoms?

    <p>Overactivity of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychodynamic theory, what plays a significant role in abnormal behavior?

    <p>Unconscious processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of psychological disorders from a biological perspective?

    <p>Childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavioral theory suggest about abnormal behavior?

    <p>It arises from learning and association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of psychological perspectives, what does early fixations refer to?

    <p>Childhood developmental issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of excess black bile relate to personality changes?

    <p>It is linked to increased anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a personality disorder from other mental disorders?

    <p>It features a rigid and inflexible pattern of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is associated with a lack of empathy and disregard for the rights of others?

    <p>Antisocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of avoidant personality disorder?

    <p>Feelings of social inadequacies and hypersensitivity to criticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is required for a diagnosis of personality disorders?

    <p>Symptoms must result in significant distress or consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pattern of thinking associated with schizotypal personality disorder?

    <p>Eccentric thoughts and discomfort in close relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is considered fundamental in addressing personality disorders?

    <p>Psychotherapy as a core component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the narcissistic personality disorder?

    <p>A need for excessive attention and admiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does obsessive-compulsive personality disorder manifest?

    <p>With an obsession for control and perfection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Psychology and Life Skills PowerPoint Notes

    • The PowerPoint presentation is for a course in General Psychology and Life Skills.
    • The presentation covers the definition of psychology and related concepts, goals, historical background, perspectives, and schools of thought in psychology.
    • It also details research methods, including types of research, and delves into sensation and perception.
    • It includes learning and theories of learning, memory and forgetting, motivation and emotions, and personality disorders and treatment.
    • The content covers a broad range of psychological topics.

    Chapter 1: Essence of Psychology

    • Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of sciences.
    • It began as a science in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
    • Wilhelm Wundt established a psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
    • The word "psychology" comes from two Greek words: 'psyche' (Ψ) and logos.
    • Psyche refers to mind, soul or spirit, while logos means study, knowledge, or discourse.
    • Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental processes.
    • Science: Psychology uses scientific methods (procedures and data) to study behavior and mental processes.
    • Behavior: Overt (observable) actions like talking, facial expressions, movement. Covert (unobservable) behaviors like thinking, feeling, and memory are also considered mental processes.

    1.2. Goals of Psychology

    • Psychology's four main goals are:
      • Description: Describing individual behavior.
      • Explanation: Understanding the causes of behavior.
      • Prediction: Determining what will happen in the future.
      • Control: Modifying or changing undesirable behavior into a desirable one.

    1.3. Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology

    • Psychology's historical background is relatively new.
    • Wundt developed objective introspection.
    • Introspection was used to scientifically explore mental experiences.
    • Schools of thought emerged as psychology developed the scientific method.
    • Old and modern schools of thought are discussed.

    1.3.1. The Five Early Schools of Psychology

    1. Structuralism: Study of the structure of the mind. Founder: Edward Titchener, based on Wundt's ideas. Goal: Analyzing the elements of mental process (sensations, images, feelings). Method: Introspection (looking inward).
    2. Functionalism: Study of how the mind allows people to function in the real world. The Founder: William James. Goal: To explore how people work, play, and adapt. Method: Used methods in addition to introspection (Questionnaires, mental tests, and descriptions).
    3. Gestalt Psychology: Study of the whole mind instead of its parts. Founders: Max Wertheimer and Colleagues. Goal: Studying the whole pattern and the relationships within it.
    4. Behaviorism: Study of observable behavior; not interested in mental processes. Founder: John B. Watson. Other proponents: E. Thorndike and F. Skinner. Goal: Observing how the environment affects behavior. Method: Observation and experiment.

    1.3.2 Modern Schools of Psychology

    • Different Perspectives in psychology are described.
      • Psychodynamic perspective, Behavioral perspective, and Humanistic perspective.
      • Cognitive perspective, Biological perspective, and Socio-cultural perspective are also discussed.

    2. Sensation and Perception

    • Meaning of Sensation and perception.
    • Sensory thresholds (absolute threshold and difference threshold) and sensory adaptation are explained through examples.
    • Selectivity of perception (attention).
    • Form perception, and depth perception are also detailed..
    • Perceptual Constancies and illusions are explained.
    • The various laws of perceptual organization that enable figure-ground organization are detailed
    • Example types of perceptual illusions are described.

    3. Learning and Theories of Learning

    • Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice.
    • The four main characteristics of learning are described.
    • The various principles of learning are explained.
    • Theories of learning, such as Behavioral and Social learning theories are discussed.
      • Classical Conditioning, and Operant/ Instrumental Learning are detailed
      • Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and Implications of Social Learning Theory are explored.
      • Cognitive Learning Theory and insights are explored.
      • Latent Learning, and Insight Learning, and Examples of these two ideas are described.

    4. Memory and Forgetting

    • Memory is defined as the retention of information learned earlier over time.
    • The different stages of the memory process are discussed and explained with examples
    • Memory process such as encoding, storage, and retrieval are studied.
    • Different types of memory - Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory are discussed.
    • Factors affecting memory are also examined.
    • The concepts and strategies for overcoming forgetting are discussed.
    • Theories of forgetting, such as decay, Interference and Motivated forgetting and strategies for improving memory are discussed.

    5. Motivation and Emotions

    • Motivation is the driving force behind initiating, directing, and persisting behaviors toward a particular goal. Types of motivation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic).
    • Different motives and approaches are studied Approaches to motivation
      • Instinct approaches
      • Drive-reduction approaches
      • Arousal approaches
      • Incentive approaches
      • Cognitive approaches
      • Humanistic approaches
    • Definitions and components of emotions are detailed. The roles of physiological, behavioral, and subjective experience components are studied.
    • Basic Emotions and the theories of emotions are explained.

    6. Personality

    • The different perspectives on personality are explored.
    • Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, including the roles of the id, ego, and superego, as well as defense mechanisms, are clearly detailed.
    • Traits and their relation to personality - the trait theory of personality
    • Humanistic theories of personality are also explained.
    • Rogers's theory of self-concept, including Real-ideal self and Positive regard are studied.

    7. Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques

    • Criteria for determining psychological disorders (abnormality, maladaptiveness, and personal distress).
    • Causes of disorders- Biological perspectives, psychodynamic perspectives, behavioral perspectives, humanistic perspectives, and cognitive perspectives
    • Different types of psychological disorders and their characteristics are defined. Examples of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders are studied.
    • A range of treatment techniques, such as biomedical treatments, psychotherapy, group therapy, and other approaches, are discussed.

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    This quiz explores key concepts from the psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives in psychology. Participants will test their understanding of childhood experiences, personality structures, and the definitions of intrapersonal conflict. It's an essential assessment for students learning about different psychological theories.

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