Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcards

Psychological Constructs and Research Basics

• Psychological constructs are concepts used to discuss intangible phenomena such as feelings and thoughts.
• A hypothesis is a predictive statement tested through scientific research to explore behavior.
• Replication is crucial for validating research; it involves repeating studies with different participants to confirm original findings.

Research Techniques

• Surveys gather data on attitudes and behaviors via questions directed at a representative random sample.
• The target population encompasses the entire group being studied, while a sample is a segment representing this population.
• Random samples are selected by chance to reflect the general population accurately; stratified samples ensure representation of known subgroups.

Bias and Sampling Issues

• Bias indicates a predisposition toward a specific perspective, which can influence study outcomes.
• Volunteer bias suggests that those who agree to participate in studies often differ from those who do not, potentially skewing results.

In-Depth Study Methods

• Case studies offer comprehensive insights into a single individual or group, aiming to identify universal principles.
• Longitudinal methods track the same subjects over an extended period, providing data on developmental changes.
• Cross-sectional methods examine various age groups simultaneously to understand changes throughout life.

Observation Types

• Naturalistic observation studies behavior in natural settings without researcher intervention.
• Laboratory observation occurs in controlled environments, allowing for manipulation of variables without real-world distractions.

Correlation and Experimental Design

• Correlation refers to the relationship between two variables, which can be positive (both increase together) or negative (one increases as the other decreases).
• Experiments are structured procedures to test the impacts of manipulated variables on other factors.
• Variables are the elements measured or controlled in studies, with independent variables manipulated to create effects on dependent variables being measured.

Group Design in Experiments

• The experimental group receives the treatment, while the control group serves as a baseline without treatment.
• Controlled experiments compare outcomes between both groups to determine the influence of independent variables.
• Placebos are inert substances used to test the effects of actual treatments by providing a control for psychological effects.

Study Blinding Techniques

• Single-blind studies keep participants unaware of their group assignment to reduce bias.
• Double-blind studies maintain ignorance about group assignments for both participants and researchers, enhancing objectivity.

Statistical Measures and Ethics

• Standard deviation measures how much individual scores vary from the mean, offering insights into data distribution.
• Ethics govern research conduct, ensuring proper behavior and integrity in scientific investigations.
• Informed consent is necessary for ethical research, requiring participants to understand the study's purpose and procedures before agreeing to partake.

Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Psychological Methods from Chapter 2. Each card features key terms and their definitions, allowing for effective learning and review of essential concepts in psychology. Perfect for students and anyone interested in psychological research methods.