Psychology Chapter 14: Goals and Self-Efficacy

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Questions and Answers

What is the main effect of setting specific and challenging goals according to goal-setting theory?

It reduces the need for feedback.

It simplifies task complexity.

It increases performance. (correct)

It eliminates the need for task strategies.

Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?

A fixed mindset regarding skills.

The belief in one's ability to meet demands. (correct)

An external measure of performance.

A strategy for task completion.

How does high self-efficacy affect performance in challenging tasks?

It simplifies task execution.

It leads to higher effort and persistence. (correct)

It encourages risk-taking behavior.

It guarantees success without effort.

What role does goal commitment play in the goal-performance relationship?

Higher commitment improves performance with challenging goals. Signup and view all the answers

In high-ambiguity tasks, how can self-efficacy negatively affect performance?

It may lead to overconfidence and reduced effort. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key mechanism of goal setting?

Overconfidence Signup and view all the answers

Why might specific learning goals be more effective than performance goals in complex tasks?

They enhance understanding of the task. Signup and view all the answers

What does self-regulation refer to in the context of motivation and performance?

Managing one's own emotions and behaviors to meet goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high performance ambiguity on self-efficacy?

It weakens the self-efficacy-performance relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What role does feedback play in complex tasks with regards to self-efficacy?

It helps reduce performance ambiguity and can positively impact performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of motivation determines the effort invested in a task?

Intensity Signup and view all the answers

What is the core process involved in self-regulation?

Monitoring current performance and aiming to reduce discrepancies. Signup and view all the answers

How does self-efficacy interact with motivation?

Higher self-efficacy can increase the effectiveness of motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What does Self-Determination Theory (SDT) primarily focus on?

Fostering autonomous motivation by meeting basic psychological needs. Signup and view all the answers

What effect can difficult goals have on motivation?

They can improve motivation if confidence and skill are present. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does controlled motivation often lead to?

Burnout and lower satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does temporal discounting primarily influence in decision-making?

Immediate tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was shown to lead to goal abandonment when high?

High perceived goal difficulty Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the study discussed?

To explain how individuals prioritize time while pursuing multiple goals with different deadlines Signup and view all the answers

In the experiments, which relationship did time pressure exhibit regarding prioritization?

Inverted-U relationship Signup and view all the answers

How do participants in the experiments prioritize their goals?

Goals with shorter deadlines are prioritized over those with longer deadlines Signup and view all the answers

What is temporal discounting?

The preference for immediate rewards over future rewards Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding regarding shorter deadlines across the experiments?

They consistently led to higher prioritization Signup and view all the answers

Which model does the study seek to improve upon?

The Multiple-Goal Pursuit Model (MGPM) Signup and view all the answers

What did the best fitting model combine to explain observed prioritization behaviors?

Both time pressure and temporal discounting Signup and view all the answers

What factor strongly influenced participants' prioritization decisions?

Temporal discounting and time pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does the study contribute theoretically to the understanding of multiple-goal pursuit?

By integrating diverse motivational theories Signup and view all the answers

What practical insight does the study provide for managing multiple competing goals?

Understanding time pressure can optimize performance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relevance of temporal discounting in goal pursuit?

It influences how individuals assign value to goals based on deadline proximity Signup and view all the answers

What aspect was manipulated simultaneously in Experiment 4 to reveal interaction effects on prioritization?

Deadline, time pressure, and distance Signup and view all the answers

How does the perceived certainty of rewards affect goal prioritization?

Immediate rewards are viewed as more certain and tangible than future rewards Signup and view all the answers

What limitation of previous research does this study address?

Assuming that all goals share the same deadlines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the study regarding self-efficacy?

The effects of performance ambiguity on self-efficacy and performance Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions was self-efficacy negatively related to performance?

Under high performance ambiguity conditions Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and performance under high ambiguity?

Effort allocation Signup and view all the answers

What implication arises from the findings related to feedback in ambiguous settings?

Clear and immediate feedback may mitigate negative effects Signup and view all the answers

How does performance ambiguity affect self-efficacy's impact on performance?

It can either enhance or undermine self-efficacy’s relationship with performance Signup and view all the answers

What did the objective performance measures reveal in the study?

They aligned with the subjective measures and supported the mediating role of effort Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines extrinsic motivation through external regulation?

Actions are controlled by external forces. Signup and view all the answers

What traditional view is challenged by this study's findings regarding self-efficacy?

That self-efficacy always enhances performance Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-efficacy play in settings with high performance ambiguity?

It may cause individuals to overestimate their performance Signup and view all the answers

What exemplifies identified regulation in the context of motivation?

A learner studying to achieve good grades for their future. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intrinsic motivation?

Actions governed by personal interest and satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of introjected regulation?

Motivation influenced by internal pressures such as guilt. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates integrated regulation?

An individual volunteering due to personal identity alignment. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes external regulation from other forms of extrinsic motivation?

It relies on external rewards or punishments. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of motivation are actions still influenced by external pressures, despite some internalization?

Introjected Regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a common misunderstanding about intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation requires external rewards. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Performance

Motivation is the impetus that guides behavior, operating consciously or unconsciously.
Effort is a person's commitment to goal-oriented physical or mental exertion.
Subjective mental strain during task completion represents effort from a subjective perspective.
Effort translates motivation to performance, only when effort is aligned with the right task.
Motivated individuals can also use clever strategies and behaviors to effectively reduce effort.
The best way to work is smartly and efficiently rather than focusing on hard work.

Comparison of Effort and Motivation

Motivation refers to a person's willingness to exert physical or mental effort towards a goal.
Willingness to invest effort is the core of motivation.
Effort refers to the subjective intensification of mental and/or physical activity to achieve a goal.
Effort is about the intensification of actions.

Problem 01

Goal setting affects performance.
Self-efficacy and performance are linked; boundary conditions influence their relationship.
Self-regulation affects learning and goal-achievement.
Motivation influences performance and has boundary conditions.
Self-determination theory contributes to understanding motivation in a work context.

Problem 02

Goal setting and performance are linked, with specific and challenging goals leading to higher performance.
Goals enhance focus, effort, and persistence.
Goal commitment and feedback help improve performance for challenging goals.
Task complexity affects how goals impact performance–simple tasks benefit more from specific goals.
Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to succeed.
Self-efficacy positively affects performance (engagement, creativity, leadership).
Ambiguity in tasks weakens the relationship between self-efficacy and performance.
Task complexity impacts the self-efficacy-performance correlation; high complexity requires clear feedback.
Goal-setting, timely feedback, and task complexity influence the relationship between self-efficacy and performance.

Page 3

Goal setting theory explains how goals relate to performance, including moderators such as goal commitment, feedback, and task complexity.
Goal striving and self-regulation strategies are central to goal pursuit.
Goal progress as a moderator, with higher self-efficacy improving subsequent performance when falling short of the goal.
Prior performance influence self-efficacy.
Performance ambiguity and its impact on the relationship between self-efficacy and performance are key boundary conditions.
Self-determination theory and its role in motivation and performance are discussed.

Page 4

Self-efficacy and its moderators affect performance.
Goal progress moderates self-efficacy’s effect on performance.
Self-efficacy in high-challenge tasks leads to persistence.
Self-efficacy lowers investment in easy tasks.
Ambiguity is a key boundary condition for self-efficacy and performance.
Prior performance influences self-efficacy, impacting subsequent performance.

Multiple Goal Pursuit Theory (MGPT)

Focuses on managing and prioritizing multiple goals simultaneously.
Considers the trade-offs, conflicts, and strategies used to balance different goals.
Aims to explain how individuals allocate effort across various goals and priorities.

Temporal Motivation Theory(TMT)

Integrates time as a key motivational factor
Aims to understand how time pressure and temporal discounting affect prioritization when individuals pursue multiple goals at deadlines.
Explains how time to reward influences motivation
Explains why people procrastinate and prioritize immediate rewards over delayed ones.
Addresses how people manage multiple goals with varying deadlines.

Expectancy Theory (Vroom)

Motivation depends on expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
Expectancy is the belief that effort leads to performance.
Instrumentality is the belief that performance leads to specific outcomes.
Valence refers to the value placed on the outcomes.
Calculating Motivation involves expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Goal setting establishes desired outcomes (conscious and unconscious).
Specific, difficult goals enhance performance more than vague goals.
Goal commitment, feedback, and complexity moderate goal-performance relationships.
Goal striving involves self-regulation, especially discrepancy reduction (matching current state with desired outcomes).

Goal Structures

Hierarchical goal structures are organized with lower-order goals supporting higher-order goals.
Network goal structures are dynamic with varied relationships.
Sequential structures prioritize various goals over time.

Discrepancy Reduction

The theory emphasizes discrepancies between perceived/desired performance and actual performance, driving behavior.
Higher discrepancies lead to increased effort for goal accomplishment.
Dynamic resource allocation mechanisms shift resources based on goal progress.

Both self-efficacy and expectancy are prospective constructs, impacting future actions.
Expectancies indicate the likelihood of action leading to specific outcomes.
Self-efficacy defines beliefs in one's ability to mobilize resources for goal attainment.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's capabilities to mobilize motivation and effort to meet demands.
Positive effects: high performance, commitment to change, creativity, and leadership.
Moderating factors: ambiguity and task challenge influence performance differently.
High ambiguity may lead to overconfidence and reduced effort.
High self-efficacy supports high-challenge tasks, encouraging persistence.

Role of Self-Regulation

Self-regulation is a dynamic process for monitoring progress toward goals.
Goal striving in self-regulation is central.
Discrepancy reduction is a core self-regulatory mechanism.
Feedback and adjustment are crucial components in self-regulation.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Focuses on satisfying basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) to foster autonomous motivation.
It shows how these needs affect performance, engagement, and well-being at work.
Autonomous motivation—intrinsic interest and value—is positive, but controlled motivation, which is driven by external pressures, may be negative.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts from Psychology Chapter 14, focusing on goal-setting theory and self-efficacy. Test your understanding of how specific goals influence performance, the role of self-belief in challenging tasks, and the mechanisms of motivation. Engage with questions that delve into self-regulation and feedback in performance contexts.