bio psych: lecture 5.1.1

True or False: Behaviour can evolve and change.

Sometimes behavioural change allows individuals to survive by:

Konrad Lorenz suggests that adaptive change in behaviour occurs through the action of two processes - ______ and __________.

True or False: Animals acquire and store environmental information.

Multiple Choice: Certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other behaviors by:

Behavior is altered in ways that reflect environmental change, and certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other _________.

True or False: Phylogenetic change takes place across generations within a species.

Multiple Choice: The mechanism for phylogenetic change operates at the level of the individual by:

Fill in the blank: Phylogenetic change depends on ______ change, where the individual carries the genes and genes are only passed on if the individual ____________ successfully.

True or False: Ontogeny involves development or change in behavior within an individual's lifetime due to changes in the environment.

Multiple Choice: Learning, as a component of ontogeny, leads to relatively age-independent changes in behavior as a result of experience. This is crucial for survival because:

Fill in the blank: Maturation in ontogeny includes - development of structures, growth, and age-dependent ______ changes. For example, an infant can only walk or talk at a certain stage of development after __________.

True or False:

1. Living apes have opposable big toes and thumbs that are great for climbing and picking up items, such as food.

Living apes have non-human apes with protruding brow ridge, jaw, and large canine teeth.

True or False:

1. All great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans) and humans belong to the family Hominidae.

The Hominidae family consists of two subfamilies:

The Hominidae family includes the following subfamilies: Ponginae with the ______ (genus Pongo) and Homininae with ______ (genus Gorilla), ______(including bonobos, genus Pan), and __________ (genus Homo).

True or False:

1. Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.

According to the taxonomy of great apes, gorillas are more closely related to:

Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to __________.

In inferred evolutionary relationships among the great apes, the sequence is ______ (genus Pongo), _______ (genus Gorilla), ______ (including bonobo: genus Pan), and __________.

Molecular clock dates suggest that the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans occurred between 678-116 million years ago.

According to the Time Tree of Life, the median date for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is:

An 'estimated time' of 665 million years ago (623-707 million years ago) for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is based on __________ studies.

Non-human great apes are genetically, anatomically, and cognitively similar to humans.

According to the text, when in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes:

When in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes some freedom of choice in surroundings and husbandry processes, such as ______ and perceived __________.

There are two species of orangutans: Bornean orangutan and Sumatran orangutan.

With the addition of the new 3rd species, how many species of orangutans exist now?

The new 3rd species of orangutan is called __________ orangutan.

Sumatran orangutans live only in Aceh and North Sumatra in the northern tip of Sumatra.

In addition to the population in the northern tip of Sumatra, where is the new species of orangutan, Tapanuli orangutan, located?

Understanding taxonomy, including species and sub-species, is crucial for determining suitable locations for the release of rescued orangutans to ensure their __________.

Bornean orangutans have broader faces and figure-8-shaped faces due to very deep infraorbital fossa.

What distinguishes fully mature males of Bornean orangutans in terms of their facial features?

Bornean orangutans have larger and more pendulous __________ pouches compared to other orangutan species. and in captivity they tend to become quite ______.

Sumatran orangutans have longer and more oval faces compared to other orangutan species.

What distinguishes fully mature males of Sumatran orangutans in terms of their facial features?

Sumatran orangutans have long beards, moustaches, and long arm hair that hangs down like a curtain, giving them a distinctive and unique __________ appearance.

Male orangutans can be reproductively mature by 10 years old or younger, especially in captivity.

When do some sexually mature male orangutans reach physical maturity, including developing cheek flanges and an enormous body size?

The phenomenon of sexually mature male orangutans not reaching physical maturity is known as '__________ __________.'

Developmentally arrested male orangutans can still impregnate females even if only one fully physically mature male lives in a particular area.

What happens when a physically mature, flanged male orangutan dies or moves away from a particular area?

According to the Evolutionary Species Concept, different species have consistent, heritable differences between them but no longer use interbreeding criteria.

How do the Bornean and Sumatran species of orangutans differ based on the information provided?

DNA clocks show a separation of ______________ years between Bornean and Sumatran orangutan species according to studies by Goossens et al., 2009, or ______________ years according to Locke et al., 2011.