Podcast
Questions and Answers
True or False:
Behaviour can evolve and change.
True or False: Behaviour can evolve and change.
True (A)
Sometimes behavioural change allows individuals to survive by:
Sometimes behavioural change allows individuals to survive by:
- sleeping more
- using resources more efficiently (correct)
- avoiding social interactions
- playing with video games
Konrad Lorenz suggests that adaptive change in behaviour occurs through the action of two processes - ______ and __________.
Konrad Lorenz suggests that adaptive change in behaviour occurs through the action of two processes - ______ and __________.
ontogeny, phylogeny
True or False:
Animals acquire and store environmental information.
True or False: Animals acquire and store environmental information.
Multiple Choice:
Certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other behaviors by:
Multiple Choice: Certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other behaviors by:
Behavior is altered in ways that reflect environmental change, and certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other _________.
Behavior is altered in ways that reflect environmental change, and certain body/physical structures can pre-adapt a species for other _________.
True or False:
Phylogenetic change takes place across generations within a species.
True or False: Phylogenetic change takes place across generations within a species.
Multiple Choice:
The mechanism for phylogenetic change operates at the level of the individual by:
Multiple Choice: The mechanism for phylogenetic change operates at the level of the individual by:
Fill in the blank:
Phylogenetic change depends on ______ change, where the individual carries the genes and genes are only passed on if the individual ____________ successfully.
Fill in the blank: Phylogenetic change depends on ______ change, where the individual carries the genes and genes are only passed on if the individual ____________ successfully.
True or False:
Ontogeny involves development or change in behavior within an individual's lifetime due to changes in the environment.
True or False: Ontogeny involves development or change in behavior within an individual's lifetime due to changes in the environment.
Multiple Choice:
Learning, as a component of ontogeny, leads to relatively age-independent changes in behavior as a result of experience. This is crucial for survival because:
Multiple Choice: Learning, as a component of ontogeny, leads to relatively age-independent changes in behavior as a result of experience. This is crucial for survival because:
Fill in the blank:
Maturation in ontogeny includes - development of structures, growth, and age-dependent ______ changes. For example, an infant can only walk or talk at a certain stage of development after __________.
Fill in the blank: Maturation in ontogeny includes - development of structures, growth, and age-dependent ______ changes. For example, an infant can only walk or talk at a certain stage of development after __________.
True or False:
- Living apes have opposable big toes and thumbs that are great for climbing and picking up items, such as food.
True or False:
- Living apes have opposable big toes and thumbs that are great for climbing and picking up items, such as food.
Living apes have non-human apes with protruding brow ridge, jaw, and large canine teeth.
Living apes have non-human apes with protruding brow ridge, jaw, and large canine teeth.
True or False:
- All great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans) and humans belong to the family Hominidae.
True or False:
- All great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans) and humans belong to the family Hominidae.
The Hominidae family consists of two subfamilies:
The Hominidae family consists of two subfamilies:
The Hominidae family includes the following subfamilies: Ponginae with the ______ (genus Pongo) and Homininae with ______ (genus Gorilla), ______(including bonobos, genus Pan), and __________ (genus Homo).
The Hominidae family includes the following subfamilies: Ponginae with the ______ (genus Pongo) and Homininae with ______ (genus Gorilla), ______(including bonobos, genus Pan), and __________ (genus Homo).
True or False:
- Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.
True or False:
- Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.
According to the taxonomy of great apes, gorillas are more closely related to:
According to the taxonomy of great apes, gorillas are more closely related to:
Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to __________.
Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to __________.
In inferred evolutionary relationships among the great apes, the sequence is ______ (genus Pongo), _______ (genus Gorilla), ______ (including bonobo: genus Pan), and __________.
In inferred evolutionary relationships among the great apes, the sequence is ______ (genus Pongo), _______ (genus Gorilla), ______ (including bonobo: genus Pan), and __________.
Molecular clock dates suggest that the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans occurred between 678-116 million years ago.
Molecular clock dates suggest that the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans occurred between 678-116 million years ago.
According to the Time Tree of Life, the median date for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is:
According to the Time Tree of Life, the median date for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is:
An 'estimated time' of 665 million years ago (623-707 million years ago) for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is based on __________ studies.
An 'estimated time' of 665 million years ago (623-707 million years ago) for the separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is based on __________ studies.
Non-human great apes are genetically, anatomically, and cognitively similar to humans.
Non-human great apes are genetically, anatomically, and cognitively similar to humans.
According to the text, when in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes:
According to the text, when in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes:
When in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes some freedom of choice in surroundings and husbandry processes, such as ______ and perceived __________.
When in zoos, it is our responsibility to give non-human great apes some freedom of choice in surroundings and husbandry processes, such as ______ and perceived __________.
There are two species of orangutans: Bornean orangutan and Sumatran orangutan.
There are two species of orangutans: Bornean orangutan and Sumatran orangutan.
With the addition of the new 3rd species, how many species of orangutans exist now?
With the addition of the new 3rd species, how many species of orangutans exist now?
The new 3rd species of orangutan is called __________ orangutan.
The new 3rd species of orangutan is called __________ orangutan.
Sumatran orangutans live only in Aceh and North Sumatra in the northern tip of Sumatra.
Sumatran orangutans live only in Aceh and North Sumatra in the northern tip of Sumatra.
In addition to the population in the northern tip of Sumatra, where is the new species of orangutan, Tapanuli orangutan, located?
In addition to the population in the northern tip of Sumatra, where is the new species of orangutan, Tapanuli orangutan, located?
Understanding taxonomy, including species and sub-species, is crucial for determining suitable locations for the release of rescued orangutans to ensure their __________.
Understanding taxonomy, including species and sub-species, is crucial for determining suitable locations for the release of rescued orangutans to ensure their __________.
Bornean orangutans have broader faces and figure-8-shaped faces due to very deep infraorbital fossa.
Bornean orangutans have broader faces and figure-8-shaped faces due to very deep infraorbital fossa.
What distinguishes fully mature males of Bornean orangutans in terms of their facial features?
What distinguishes fully mature males of Bornean orangutans in terms of their facial features?
Bornean orangutans have larger and more pendulous __________ pouches compared to other orangutan species. and in captivity they tend to become quite ______.
Bornean orangutans have larger and more pendulous __________ pouches compared to other orangutan species. and in captivity they tend to become quite ______.
Sumatran orangutans have longer and more oval faces compared to other orangutan species.
Sumatran orangutans have longer and more oval faces compared to other orangutan species.
What distinguishes fully mature males of Sumatran orangutans in terms of their facial features?
What distinguishes fully mature males of Sumatran orangutans in terms of their facial features?
Sumatran orangutans have long beards, moustaches, and long arm hair that hangs down like a curtain, giving them a distinctive and unique __________ appearance.
Sumatran orangutans have long beards, moustaches, and long arm hair that hangs down like a curtain, giving them a distinctive and unique __________ appearance.
Male orangutans can be reproductively mature by 10 years old or younger, especially in captivity.
Male orangutans can be reproductively mature by 10 years old or younger, especially in captivity.
When do some sexually mature male orangutans reach physical maturity, including developing cheek flanges and an enormous body size?
When do some sexually mature male orangutans reach physical maturity, including developing cheek flanges and an enormous body size?
The phenomenon of sexually mature male orangutans not reaching physical maturity is known as '__________ __________.'
The phenomenon of sexually mature male orangutans not reaching physical maturity is known as '__________ __________.'
Developmentally arrested male orangutans can still impregnate females even if only one fully physically mature male lives in a particular area.
Developmentally arrested male orangutans can still impregnate females even if only one fully physically mature male lives in a particular area.
What happens when a physically mature, flanged male orangutan dies or moves away from a particular area?
What happens when a physically mature, flanged male orangutan dies or moves away from a particular area?
According to the Evolutionary Species Concept, different species have consistent, heritable differences between them but no longer use interbreeding criteria.
According to the Evolutionary Species Concept, different species have consistent, heritable differences between them but no longer use interbreeding criteria.
How do the Bornean and Sumatran species of orangutans differ based on the information provided?
How do the Bornean and Sumatran species of orangutans differ based on the information provided?
DNA clocks show a separation of ______________ years between Bornean and Sumatran orangutan species according to studies by Goossens et al., 2009, or ______________ years according to Locke et al., 2011.
DNA clocks show a separation of ______________ years between Bornean and Sumatran orangutan species according to studies by Goossens et al., 2009, or ______________ years according to Locke et al., 2011.
Study Notes
Behavioral Evolution and Change
- Behavioral change can enhance survival in changing environments.
- Konrad Lorenz identified adaptive behavioral changes occurring through ontogeny and phylogeny.
- Animals possess the ability to acquire and store information from their environment, which aids their survival.
Phylogenetic Change
- Phylogenetic change is defined as alterations that take place across generations within a species.
- Mechanisms of phylogenetic change operate at the individual level, where gene transmission relies on individual reproductive success.
- Phylogenetic changes are dependent on genetic change; genes are only passed on if individuals reproduce successfully.
Ontogeny and Learning
- Ontogeny refers to behavior development within an individual’s lifetime influenced by environmental factors.
- Learning, a part of ontogeny, leads to age-independent behavioral changes that are vital for survival.
- Maturation involves the gradual development of physical structures and age-related behavioral adjustments; certain developmental milestones, like walking or talking, are reached at specific ages.
Great Apes Taxonomy
- Great apes include chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and humans, all classified in the family Hominidae.
- Hominidae consists of two subfamilies:
- Ponginae, which includes orangutans (genus Pongo).
- Homininae, which includes gorillas (genus Gorilla), common chimpanzees (genus Pan), and humans (genus Homo).
Evolutionary Relationships
- Chimpanzees share a closer genetic relationship with humans compared to other great apes.
- Gorillas are more closely linked to chimpanzees and humans than to other ape species.
- The inferred evolutionary lineage is: orangutans (genus Pongo), gorillas (genus Gorilla), chimpanzees (genus Pan), and humans (genus Homo).
Molecular Clock Insights
- The separation of the chimpanzee lineage from humans is estimated to have occurred between 678-116 million years ago.
- Median date for this divergence is estimated at around 665 million years ago, with a variation of 623-707 million years ago based on molecular studies.
Great Apes Care in Zoos
- Non-human great apes exhibit genetic, anatomical, and cognitive similarities to humans.
- It is crucial to provide these animals freedom of choice regarding their environment and care practices.
Orangutans
- There are two species of orangutans: Bornean and Sumatran, with a new third species, Tapanuli orangutan.
- Tapanuli orangutan is only found in North Sumatra and Tapanuli region.
- Understanding species and sub-species taxonomy is vital for releasing rescued orangutans in their natural habitats.
Morphological Differences in Orangutans
- Bornean orangutans have wider, figure-8-shaped faces and pronounced facial features in mature males.
- They possess larger, more pendulous cheek pouches than other species, impacting their behavior in captivity.
- Sumatran orangutans feature longer, oval faces and possess distinctive face hair, such as beards and mustaches.
Reproductive Development in Male Orangutans
- Male orangutans can begin reproducing as early as 10 years, particularly under captive conditions.
- Some males may not achieve full physical maturity, such as developing cheek flanges, a phenomenon referred to as "developmental arrest."
- Even immature males can still reproduce, and if a dominant male is removed from an area, it can lead to increased reproductive activity in adolescents.
Evolutionary Species Concept
- According to the Evolutionary Species Concept, different species exhibit heritable differences despite the lack of interbreeding.
- DNA analysis suggests a separation of approximately 1.2 million years between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, varying based on different studies.
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Description
Test your understanding of psychology fundamentals with this true or false question. Learn about the dynamic nature of human behaviour and how it can adapt to changing circumstances. Discover the intricacies of psychological development and growth.
